Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers fc

The death penalty Murder, a typical event in American culture, is thought of as an unpleasant, unforgivable abomination. Why at that point, is it thought of contrastingly when the state government orchestrates and executes a person, the very meaning of planned homicide? The death penalty has been explored and read for a long time, uncovering a few imbalances and shortcomings, demonstrating the requirement for capital punishment to be annulled. Upon assessment, one sees the death penalty as financially powerless and lacking. A typical misguided judgment of capital punishment is that the expense to execute an indicted criminal is less expensive than to put a convict in jail for life without any chance to appeal. Because of the United States legal framework, the procedure of offers, which is inescapable with cases including demise as the sentence, brings about an outrageous expense and is very tedious. The expense of a capital preliminary and execution can be two to multiple times more prominent than the measure of cash expected to house and feed a detainee forever. "Studies show imprisonment costs generally $20,000 per detainee every year ($800,000 if an individual lives 40 years in jail). Examination additionally shows a capital punishment ease costs generally $2 million for each execution," (Kaplan 2). The death penalty is incredibly costly and exhausts state legislatures of cash that could be utilized fo r a wide scope of projects that are helpful. As Belolyn Wiliams-Harold, a writer for the diary Black Enterprise, composes that area governments are ordinarily answerable for the expenses of arraignment and the expenses of the criminal preliminary, including lawyer's charges, and pay rates for the individuals from the court. This cash is spent to the detriment of the redresses office and wrongdoing avoidance programs, which are as of now is stone cold broke (Williams-Harlod 1). These "financial constraints,&quot, for example, the death penalty, don't advance a solid, business society, however cost and damage the general population. Just as being monetarily unsound, capital punishment is socially one-sided. A class framework has all the earmarks of being available in the United States of America this day in age, and the lower classes appear to nearly be oppressed by the higher classes. This is additionally valid for the death penalty. Ed Bishop of the St. Louis Journalism Review , composes on how these individuals from a lower class can not get away from capital punishment. At the stature of the... ...l discipline as an equitable and ethically solid technique for equity. All things considered, "An eye for an eye" appeared to be a justification that many held onto as reasonable. Presently there is a time of nearer assessment of what is genuinely just and ethically moral, just as financially stable. An outcome should be reasonable, accommodating, and viable. Does the death penalty meet these standards? There are convincing motivations to change the framework we have aimlessly acclaimed. Ideally we are actualizing another method of managing a deep rooted issue. Works Cited Minister, Ed. St. Louis Journalism Review, "Anti-capital punishment Stance." V29, March 1999. http://source.unco.edu/. Cummings, Ryan. The Economist, "Most Advanced Countries Have Abolished Capital Punishment." V351, May 15, 1999. http://source.unco.edu/. Kaplan, David A. Newsweek, "Capital Punishment." V129, June 16, 1997. http://source.unco.edu/. Kile, David. The Christian Century, "Death Penalty Doubts." V116, Feb. 24, 1999. http://source.unco.edu/. Williams-Harold, Belolyn. Dark Enterprise, "Facts and Figures: an expensive matter of life or death." V29, Sept. 1998. http://source.unco.edu/.

Youth Groups As A Discourse Community Essay Example For Students

Youth Groups As A Discourse Community Essay Youth Groups as a talk network The main individuals who go to youth bunches are the ideal children who do nothing incorrectly, go to chapel consistently, talk about God and about what is happening in their lives. This was my hypothesis before going to Pinion Hills Community Church in Farmington, New Mexico. Numerous individuals accept this to be a generalization however my estimate is that it is definitely not reality. Pinion Hills is a non-denominational church with an adolescent gathering that happens on Saturdays at five thirty toward the evening and afterward again on Sundays at nine thirty in the first part of the day. I decided to go to the Saturday youth bunch with my flat mate who has gone to the young gathering for barely a year now. Christianity started more than 2000 years prior with Jesus Christ and his supporters. We will compose a custom article on Youth Groups As A Discourse Community explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Jesus would go around the village’s lecturing religion and showing individuals the desire of God. Jesus would inevitably kick the bucket for the transgressions of man yet after three days he would be restored and offer want to the world. Jesus got known as the Messiah for the Christian religion just as the educator of God. Individuals today keep on recounting to his accounts and love him still right up 'til the present time. There are different ways that individuals meet up to love and applause God. One way would be the getting together of youth bunches since it permits the adolescent to find out about God in an increasingly current and fun manner. Strategies There are a wide range of ways that I approached gathering my data and information on youth gatherings. Interviews†¦

How Professional College Writing Services Can Help You With Your College Essays

How Professional College Writing Services Can Help You With Your College EssaysCollege writing services can be very beneficial to students who are already a bit overwhelmed by the coursework and study of their chosen majors. Students who are concerned about their academic performance should consider hiring a professional college writing services. There are plenty of reasons why college writing services are important for students. Here are some of the ways they can help you achieve better grades and test scores.First, college writing services will save you time. You will be able to concentrate on your studies while a professional college writing service is completing the writing of your school assignments. If you need extra help in the midst of all this, a professional writing service can help you solve your assignments by offering tips and suggestions.Second, they can help you avoid common mistakes. When you hire a writing service, you will be provided with free rewrites and samples of previous work done by the writers. This will make it easy for you to identify a common mistake or error so that you can avoid making it in the future.Third, a good writing service will provide proofreading services for students who have not yet developed good composition skills. Their writing service will help improve your essay's structure and style so that you don't encounter any problems with grammar or punctuation. Proofreading can also be helpful when you want to make sure that your essay matches the expectations of your instructor. If your essay seems to have grammatical errors, a proofreader can provide you with a clean edit that can be used in the final draft.Fourth, writing services are much cheaper than having college staff revise your work. When you hire professional writers, you will pay the same price for both the professional writers and the college editors. In addition, the professional writers will be able to offer revisions that you might otherwise miss. If you h ire college editors, you may find yourself spending a lot more money than if you hired professional writers.Fifth, writing services will help you avoid plagiarism. A professional college writing service will be able to catch plagiarism and will show you how to avoid it in the future. If you want to avoid plagiarism in the future, then the writing service can help you understand the best way to write your own assignments.Sixth, college writing services will help you improve your college applications. Because writing is a skill that you can learn, a professional writing service can help you make the most of your college application. Writing will also give you more information that you can use to express your ideas in your college essay. This will make your application stand out from other applicants and make it more likely that you will be accepted.If you are a student who needs help in the writing process, a college writing services can be a great help. If you have been struggling to write your college essays, a college writing service can save you the embarrassment of poor grammar and bad writing. Instead, they can make your paper's much more polished and professional.

Differences Between American and British English

While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American English and British English are the two varieties that are taught in most ESL/EFL programs. Generally, it is agreed that no one version is correct, but there are certainly preferences in use. The three major differences between American and British English are: Pronunciation - differences in both vowel and consonants, as well as stress and intonationVocabulary - differences in nouns and verbs, especially phrasal verb usage and the names of specific tools or itemsSpelling - differences are generally found in certain prefix and suffix forms The most important rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage. If you decide that you want to use American English, then be consistent in your spelling (i.e. The color of the orange is also its flavour - color is American spelling and flavour is British). Of course, this is not always easy or possible. The following guide is meant to point out the principal differences between these two varieties of English. Minor Grammar Differences There are very few grammar differences between American and British English. Certainly, the words we choose might be different at times. However, generally speaking, we follow the same grammar rules. With that said, there are a few differences.   Use of the Present Perfect In British English, the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: Ive lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English, the following is also possible:I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English, the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: Ive just had lunch.Ive already seen that film.Have you finished your homework yet? American English: I just had lunch OR Ive just had lunch.Ive already seen that film OR I already saw that film.Have you finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? Two Forms to Express Possession There are two forms to express possession in English: have or have got. Do you have a car?Have you got a car?He hasnt got any friends.He doesnt have any friends.She has a beautiful new home.Shes got a beautiful new home. While both forms are correct (and accepted in both British and American English), have got (have you got, he hasnt got, etc.) is generally the preferred form in British English, while most speakers of American English employ the have (do you have, he doesnt have etc.) The Verb Get The past participle of the verb get is gotten in American English. American English: Hes gotten much better at playing tennis. British English: Hes got much better at playing tennis. Have got is used predominately in British English to indicate  have in the sense of possession. Strangely, this form is also used in the United States with the British participle got, rather than gotten. Americans will also use have got to in the sense of have to for responsibilities. Ive got to work tomorrow.Ive got three friends in Dallas. Vocabulary The largest  differences between British and American English lie in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties, for example: Mean: American English - angry, bad humored, British English - not generous, tight-fisted. American English: Dont be so mean to your sister! British English: Shes so mean she wont even pay for a cup of tea. There are many more examples (too many for me to list here). If there is a difference in usage, your dictionary will note the different meanings in its definition of the term. Many vocabulary items are also used in one form and not in the other. One of the best examples of this is the terminology used for automobiles. American English - hood / British English - bonnetAmerican English - trunk / British English - bootAmerican English - truck / British English - lorry For a more complete list of the vocabulary differences between British and American English, use this British vs. American English vocabulary tool. Spelling Here are some general differences between British and American spellings: Examples of words that end in -or in American English and -our in British English: color/colour, humor/humour, flavor/flavourExamples of words that end in -ize in American English and -ise in British English: recognize/recognise, patronize/patronise The best way to make sure that you are being consistent in your spelling is to utilize the spell check tool associated with your word processor and select the type of English (American or British) youd like to use.

Napoleons Greed and Ambition Essay - 1376 Words

Napoleon Bonaparte was historically not only the powerful invader but also the ambitious king. Napoleon made various works that effected France and the other country significantly, conquering almost of countries in Europe. Almost people in France praised Napoleon when he won in any war or any invasion. From successful occupation, people started to consider Napoleon as a god of the war and large numbers of people followed his order. Napoleon seems as the greatest emperor in the world. However, Napoleon was only concerned on his greed and ambition, which made questionable political decision and poor military decisions, changing him as an outcast. Having the highest spot in Europe, Napoleon changed to be arrogant and be rude himself. He was†¦show more content†¦At first, he was not concerned on the national problems because he was too tired and needed relaxation with his family. However, later, he found that France was becoming ruined and decided to make the coup against parlia ment. Lucien Bonaparte, a younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, made Napoleon the offer to become one of three governing consuls, but Napoleon rejected. He wanted to take the throne of France. Napoleon had his own greed that wanted to be popular and did not prefer people to forget his victories by uncompleted invasion, â€Å"Although he had been given a hero’s welcome by the populace he knew that this type of fame was fleeting, and he also recognized that recent French military victories in Holland and Switzerland had somewhat tarnished his own unfinished effort in Egypt.† When he made the coup against parliament, Napoleon mentioned the true liberty and the republic. â€Å"He then transported his spirited oratory to the beautiful gardens and the waiting troops with whose aid the republic would be established.† Napoleon called his troops for coup, saying that the real republic finally established. However, people did not consider this action as the republic. One deputy said â€Å"And the Constitution? You already destroyed the Constitution when you violated it. No one respects it anymore,† and the other people said â€Å"Down with the tyrant.† From the successful coup, Napoleon took the most authority in France, but present a bad image . In May 1804, congressShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Consequences of the Rebellion on Animal Farm1164 Words   |  5 Pages In George Orwell’s book ‘Animal Farm’, many things went wrong. Many agree that the consequences depicted in the book could have been avoided, but what really caused these tragic happenings? Did these consequences occur solely because of Napoleon’s dictatorship, or did the animals willingness to cooperate also contribute in the downfall of Animal Farm? Napoleon was one of the main instigators of Animal Farm’s downfall. He was portrayed as a heartless and selfish dictator, whoRead MoreAnimal Farm Essay on Utopia978 Words   |  4 Pagesthe animals ultimately never achieve their utopia because of the avaricious and power-hungry nature of Napoleon and his pig cronies. Whether it is the ambitious and power hungry Napoleon and his cronies, the animals blind loyalty and ignorance to Napoleons ulterior motives or the resigned apathy and passivity of some of the animals, it is clear that not one, but all are responsible for sending the once hopeful utopian society spiralling into the chaos of a dishevelled, dystopian regime. ThroughoutRead MoreHow Is Marxism Portrayed in Animal Farm by George Orwell? Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesHow is Marxism portrayed throughout ‘Animal Farm’ by George Orwell? The main aim of Marxism is to bring about a classless society, and ‘Animal Farm’ is generally considered to be a Marxist novel, as all its characters share a similar ambition at the beginning. ‘Animal Farm’ represents an example of the oppressed masses rising up to form their own classless society, whilst offering a subtle critique on Stalin’s Soviet Russia, and communism in general. Orwell is, ironically, revolutionary in hisRead MoreNapoleon and The French Revolution, Questions and Answers1767 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution. His ambition stretched beyond the limits of the new governments, and through greed and desire, eventually returned to many principles of the old regime. One of the major points of his betrayal comes from his appointment to emperor. This unsubtle transition goes against the main reason for revolution in France. If they are willing to go the extent of executing the previous king, the people of France would probably not want an even stronger autocratic ruler. Even Napoleon’s coronation ceremonyRead MoreSymbolism and Allegory in Animal Farm1657 Words   |  7 Pageshow the upper class groups use manipulation to their advantage. Animal Farm in simple terms is the allegory of a revolution gone sour. Animalism, Communism, and Fascism are all the symbols which are used by the pigs as a means of satisfying their greed and lust for power. As Lord Acton wrote: Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely† which is definitely the case. The author uses the animals, the windmill, and the seven commandments to symbolize the extreme power over the animals

Adaptive vs Rational Expectations - 1453 Words

Differentiate between Rational and Adaptive Expectations and clearly explain their role in focusing on future macro-economic variables 1. Rational Expectations The theory of rational expectations was first proposed by John F. Muth of Indiana University in the early 1960s. He used the term to describe the many economic situations in which the outcome depends partly on what people expect to happen. Rational expectations theory is an assumption in a model that the agent under study uses a forecasting mechanism that is as good as is possible given the stochastic (random) processes and information available to the agent. Rational expectations is thus a theory used to model the determination of expectations of future events by economic agents†¦show more content†¦This current expected inflation reflects a weighted average of all past inflation, where the weights get smaller and smaller as we move further in the past. III. Role of Rational and Adaptive Expectations in focusing on future macro economic variables. Economist today use the adaptive expectations model but then complement it with ideas based on the rational expectations to understand a variety of situations in which specialisation about the future is a crucial factor in determining current action. This theory is a building block for the â€Å"random walk† or â€Å"efficient markets† and design of economic stabilization policies among others. †¢ The Efficient Markets Theory of Stock Prices A sequence of observations on a variable (such as daily stock prices) is said to follow a random walk if the current value gives the best possible prediction of future values. When properly adjusted for discounting and dividends, stock price changes follow a random walk. In their efforts to forecast such prices, investors comb all sources of information including patterns that they can spot in past price movements. They buy stocks they expect to have a higher than average returns and sell those they expect to have lower returns. When they do so, they bid up prices of stocks expected to have higher than average returns and drive down the prices of those expected to have a lower than average returns. The prices of stocks adjust until the expected returnsShow MoreRelatedThe Marine Corps And Amphibious Warfare1708 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic thought concerning market predictions where disagreeing parties argue the merits of adaptive vs. rational expectations. 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I also understand that plagiarism is anRead MoreOrganization Structure and Culture3859 Words   |  16 PagesOrganisational Structure and Culture. An organisation in general can be defined as the rational co-ordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal, through division of labour and function and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility.. 1. Compare and Contrast Organisational Structure An organisation in general can be defined as the rational co-ordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some commonRead MoreOrganization Structure and Culture3869 Words   |  16 PagesOrganisational Structure and Culture. An organisation in general can be defined as the rational co-ordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal, through division of labour and function and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility.. 1. Compare and Contrast Organisational Structure An organisation in general can be defined as the rational co-ordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some commonRead MoreGoogle Self Driving Car Marketing Plan Essay11358 Words   |  46 PagesNevada (phase 2) and implement their own laws to allow self-driving cars to be driven on their public roads. Market Trends Over the years, car manufacturers have been making automobiles more automated with technologies such as self-parking and adaptive cruise control. Our focus here is to highlight some of the major semi-autonomous technologies that have reached the early majority on the Technology Adoption Life Cycle (TALC) model over the last decade. We are aiming the early majority due toRead MorePersonality and Cultures5274 Words   |  22 Pagespossess the ability to solve the situation, an increased effort will do little to help. This lack of effort when facing challenge is likely to depress their performance. On the other hand, under a learning orientation, individuals will experience an adaptive pattern and they are more likely to increase effort when encountering difficulty and this effort is likely to increase performance. Keywords: Cultural Values, Goal Orientation, Organizational Behaviour, Human Resources Much research in organizationalRead MoreSpace Age Furniture Company2426 Words   |à ‚  10 Pages In today’s operational management arena, there are certain expectations from a managerial aspect that must be met in order to be successful. A comprehensive look at the Space Age Furniture Company will show exactly what the Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) calculations are for this company at present time and then take the information given in order to properly suggest ways to improve the sub-assemblies. In addition, there will be an analysis on the trade-offs between the overtime and inventory

Is Globalisation a Force for Good free essay sample

Globalisation is the process by which organisations, start operating on an international scale, or develop an international influence, made possible by communication and increasing improvement in technology. Nike, McDonald, Apple are all obvious examples of globalisation. Other less obvious examples of what globalisation has brought us but we are hardly ever aware of are internet, which a lot of us use as an efficient source of information; TV shows for news and entertainment; cell phones for communication; etc. More trades, more markets, business, more information, jobs and opportunities are promises of a globalised world. But reports and studies have criticised globalisation for recent issues regarding the environment, especially global warming. While some say that globalisation helps countries with modernisation along the Western line and increases opportunities for self-development, others argue that it undermines local traditions and results in loss of biodiversity. Some say globalisation bring overall national process, while others argue it creates and widens spartial inequalities. So, is globalisation a force for good? Opposing perspectives regarding globalisation vary, from how it affects the one’s country’s economy, politics to its impact on the environment, society and cultures. It is true to say that globalisation creates opportunities for new jobs for people, especially in developing countries. Many workers of manufacturing factories for global brands come from rural areas. They leave to industrialised cities in search for jobs to support their life. Statistic shows that Nike alone employs approximately 800,000 workers in its factories, which primarily located in South-East Asia. Global brand like Nike can help to decrease the increasing unemployment rate, which is currently globally a worrying social issue. The question which then arose is that: how do these global companies treat their workers in these countries where protective labour laws are poorly enforced and cheap labour is abundant? Unofficial complaints from workers and labour groups indicate that they are forced to work overtime, more than 7 hours a day, just to earn about $10 per week. In addition, a company with yearly revenue of $8. 7 billion, should be able to pay its worker a more decent wages. Many workers believe that they are being exploited, but have no choices but to continue working. Many think that this is better than having nothing, that they’re lucky since they now have a job. $50 as a monthly income would be sufficient to cover one’s basic needs in countries like Vietnam, China, etc. And supposedly there are more pros than cons for workers in countries where global brands have set up their factories, what about people of more developing countries? Their companies’ factories keep moving when they find a place with cheaper labour. It is obvious that employees have to face insecurity about their future employment. With globalisation expanding and changing, we now confront a challenge of new forms of global political structure to regulate the process. Actions which have been taken to encourage globalisation include removing investment barriers between countries, lowering taxes, loosen labour laws, etc. It can change shape of political power, as it is heavily influencing the economy. De-territorialisation of power by which the power of the state is undermined is an example. Globalisation also considerably affects the welfare regime. Local business has to compete with global brand is a big disadvantage of globalisation. Local tradition and cultures are also endangered by globalisation when traditional dishes are replaced by fast-food meals from KFC, McDonald, or when traditional music, clothing, housing etc. are being transformed into more modern forms. This is why local people may oppose to this idea of globalizing. However, we have to remember that globalisation is what helping us catching up with world, is an opportunities for self-development for every country. We are now able to know and learn about the world newest technology, science, medicine through internet, computers, televisions, newspapers, etc. and adapt and apply them our life and work. Students are able to go overseas and study to help their countries, whether it is their economy or medical health care. Globalisation is not only about money. Oil-rich countries may fall into the category of â€Å"underachievers† because they haven’t been able to convert or invest their wealth into better education and better living conditions. Globalisation working together with more developed countries and adapting their systems is possible helpful  solution. Globalisation also enables us to experience and appreciate other cultures. Environment is a huge aspect of globalisation. China and Seoul (Korea) are perfect examples of how globalisation impacts the environment. The two countries both are facing the challenge of sustainable development. For China case, they have put their aim of increasing production in order to be economically self-sufficient over protecting the environment. Pollution and over-use of resources were considered less important than meeting the need of a rapid increasing population. Forests are tracked down to make space for factories. Deforestation leads to soil erosion, increases the risk of severe floods and loss of rare species. As biodiversity declines, so does human’s health. Industrialisation leads to increase of harmful exhaust gas, contributing to global warming. Seoul (Korea) has been recognised after the Seoul Olympic. Since then the city has been a global site for tourism. Operations of many famous international hotel chains, fast-food restaurants, convenience stores increase. Investment from other countries effectively boosts up the economy. Migration from rural to urban areas in the country increases. Therefore, Seoul soon encountered the problems of over population. Chronic traffic congestion happens every day, primary source of water is polluted with untreated sewage and exhaust fumes haze over the city, blocking the sun. The benefits of globalisation are proved to be highly unevenly distributed. Statistic about distributing of telephone lines show that countries in the richest fifth of the world possess 74% of the number of telephone lines, while the poorest fifth only get about 1.5%. 3 billion people, nearly half of the world population are excluded. These are people who make less than $3/day or aren’t employed by global brands’ companies. They have no wealth, no access to internet and lack of skills to actively participate in this process. With all these problems and benefits brought to us by globalisation, it is clear that our biggest goal now is to ensure that globalisation become a sustainable process and a positive forward force for all, instead of leaving billions behind.

A Buffalo Common Metaphor free essay sample

Over the past few decades the High Plains have consistently been losing its population. So, in 1987 Doctors Frank and Deborah Popper introduced the idea of Buffalo Commons. They described this project as â€Å"A combination of literary metaphor, public-policy proposal, futurist prediction and ecological restoration project† (The Buffalo Commons: Its Antecedents). The essential focus of this project was to replace the ever decrease population by returning buffalo back to the Plains. This plan was originally met by rejection, however, the idea eventually began to take a hold (The Onset of the Buffalo). The name â€Å"Buffalo Commons† was actually a metaphorical name for this buffalo return plan. Buffalo was used because of the buffalo’s symbol of substance by both Native American’s and early settlers. Likewise, Commons was chosen because of the need to treat land in the same manner as the air and water, commonly rather than individually. As the popularity for the plans increased the metaphor â€Å"Buffalo Commons†, began to take the form of a term. We will write a custom essay sample on A Buffalo Common Metaphor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This metaphor, now term, is currently being used to describe the various plans that would allow for the creation of alternative futures for various regions (Buffalo Commons as Regional Metaphor). The region surrounding the Columbia River is one of the metaphors that can be found for the term â€Å"Buffalo Commons†. In this region a serious debate is taking place over the removal of some of the dams along the river. By shifting the economic dependency on the river to alternative sources there is a hope that the Native Salmon will be able to re populate and flourish in an area were they had once been plentiful (Ka-bye). The video, â€Å"Regions and Economies-Oregon and U. S. Midwest†, focuses on the struggles between Native Americans and farmers who are both fighting for the use of the Umatilla’s water. Throughout the short film you are able to observe the many different elements that must be contended with in order to allow the dams to be either removed or limited in the amount of water being withhold. One of these elements include the farmers, who are in need this water to farm land that without it would be dessert. Another key player are the Native Americans, who feel it is their right to remove the dams based on the fact that they ere using the Columbia’s resources before the farmer. The final major factor is the government officials and voters, who live locally and have a strong interest in what is happening and who live farther away and do not see the importance (Regions and Economics). With so many different groups each having their own view on how the water should be used, it is often very hard to come to a resolution. Rather, each, often, pushes their own agenda allowing no progress to be made that would allow for the discovery of alternative water supplies, allowing, all parties concerned to reach a satisfactory conclusion. Many times the influence of those directly involved in a restorative project, in this case it would be the Native Americans and farmers who both are in need of the water, apposing each other. However, as we saw in this video, when these opposing forces begin to work together, their voices will start to be heard and a resolution satisfactory to both will often be the result (Regions and Economics). Buffalo Commons and the shifting of water use in the Columbian region are similar in many different ways. First, both plans emerged from the shift in the environments surrounding them. For Buffalo Commons, this shift in the environment happened as people began to leave the Plains. For the Columbian River Region the shifting came from the lack of Salmon that were able to ford the shallow portions of the rivers to make it back to the areas were they were hatched. The second similarity is the opposition that was met with the introduction of both plans from those who would need to face the changes that would come with the implementations of these proposals. However, both the Buffalo Commons and the Columbia River plans have since been looked upon with more favor. Lastly, and most importantly, these plans both show the desire to provide regions with an alternative future. With the Buffalo Commons this future would allow for the plans to go back to their natural state with buffalo being allowed to flourish. Through this reintroduction of the buffalo it is also hoped that a profit can be made from the sale of their meat. In the Columbia River region this alternative future would also include a partial return of the Columbian to its natural state, with the reintroduction of salmon it is hoped that the region can achieve the rival of salmon stocks. In conclusion, we see that Buffalo Commons does not only involve buffalo, rather it is a term used to describe a plan giving a region an alternative future. Although these alternative futures are often met with opposition it is important to persist in these efforts, as well as being wiling to compromise for the benefit of all involved. With a plan that would result in all parties involved being satisfied the plan will, in all likelihood, be met with success.

Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar

Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar In linguistics, a  consonant cluster (CC)  is a group of two or more consonant sounds that come before (called an onset), after (called a coda) or between (called medial) vowels. Also known simply as a cluster, these occur naturally in written and spoken English - though sometimes may be altered phonetically. This process, called consonant cluster simplification (or reduction) sometimes occurs when at least one consonant in a sequence of adjacent consonants is elided or dropped. In everyday speech, for instance, the phrase  best boy may be pronounced  bes boy, and first time may be pronounced firs time. Onset consonant clusters may occur in two or three initial consonants, wherein three are referred to as CCC while coda consonant clusters can occur in two to four consonant groups. Common Consonant Clusters The written English language contains up to 46 permissible two-item initial consonant clusters, ranging from the common st to the less common sq, but only 9 permissible three-item consonant clusters, as Michael Pearce posits in his book The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Pearce illustrates the common three-item initial consonant clusters in the following words: spl/  split, /spr/  sprig, /spj/  spume, /str/  strip, /stj/  stew, /skl/  sclerotic, /skr/  screen, /skw/  squad, /skj/  skua, wherein every word must start with an s, be followed by a voiceless stop like p or t and a liquid or glide like l or w.   In terms of codas, or consonant clusters that end words, they may contain up to four items, though they are often truncated in connected speech if the consonant cluster is too long, as in the word glimpsed being acceptably written as glimst. Consonant Cluster Reduction In spoken English and rhetoric, oftentimes consonant clusters will be truncated naturally to increase speed or eloquence of speech, oftentimes dropping the same consonant if it occurs at the end of one word and again at the beginning of the next. This process, called consonant cluster reduction, is relatively variable but confined by linguistic factors that inhibit the operation of reducing these words. Walt Wolfram, writing in Dialect in Society, expounds, with respect to the phonological environment that follows the cluster, the likelihood of reduction is increased when the cluster is followed by a word beginning with a consonant. What this means for average English users is that cluster reduction is more common in phrases like west coast or cold cuts than in west end or cold apple. This technique can also be found in poetry to force similar-sounding words with different consonant endings to rhyme. Take for example the words test and desk, which dont rhyme in their original form, but if one uses consonant cluster reduction, the rhyme Sittin in my des, takin my tes can be forced through truncation, as Lisa Green describes in African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, this is most common in the poetic raps of African American origins in the United States.

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English - Research Paper Example However, once fans found out that Tim Burton would be in charge of the project, many fears and doubts were alleviated. Indeed, nobody left the theater feeling disappointed. Janet Maslin, a writer with The New York Times, states that, â€Å"[...] An ornate visual fantasy of Mr. Burton’s can be expected to make its own rules, and Sleepy Hollow does that with macabre gusto.† Maslin continues her article with much praise for the â€Å"grimly voluptuous† Sleepy Hollow. Burton made his name in the film industry by never holding back when trying to display or explain something. If the scene called for horror, he would deliver horror, and then some. While the fans of Burton are used to his macabre style, many were still shocked, though pleasingly so, with how far he took the graphics in Sleepy Hollow. As Tim Burton has a very distinctive style with his filming, people expected quite a bit out of Sleepy Hollow. While most directors either get away or not with how they film something, a specific outcome is expected from Tim Burton. Kamal Larsuel-Ulbricht, for one, was not disappointed. In her review (1999), she expresses a certain fondness for the result of Sleepy Hollow, saying, â€Å"This was not Disney’s ‘Sleepy Hollow’. [Tim Burton] is sometimes a bit too weird for those who don’t quite understand his style [but for those who do], people can appreciate this take on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.† So it would seem, those that can really take away something from the film would be those that are already familiar with Tim Burton’s unique style of directing. Justin Felix (1999) considers Sleepy Hollow to count â€Å"among [Tim Burton’s] better movies,† further stating that, â€Å"With the recent disappointments in theatrically released horror movies, we needed a film like this.† Felix takes his review a little bit further by commenting on the aspects that

Kinship Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kinship Organizations - Essay Example The Kinship System and Culture of Yonomamo Their social life is organized around the respected tribesmen, where kinship relationship descent from ancestors and marriages between these kinships. According to Webster (2004), the tribesmen are given responsibility to maintain order in the villages and determine the village’s relationships with people of other villages. The tribesmen are given these positions owing to kinship and marriage customs, and it depends on the main kinship groups in the villages they come from. Webster (2004) indicates that the social changes within Yonomamo villages are based on giving and receiving marriageable girls in society. Thus, marriages are arranged by order kin, who include uncles, brothers and fathers of the spouse. Marriage in Yonomamo is based on the political process where girls are promised marriages while their extremely young, and men involved forms alliances with other men via marriage exchanges. There is inadequate of women in the Yono mamo due to the sex ratio imbalance in the younger ages that result in men having more than one wife. In case of fighting in the village, this is as a result of sexual relationships and attacks done to married women by other men. Meanwhile, the fight can cause internal fighting and conflicts of such greatness that lead to splitting and fission of villages, and create new villages. Yonomamo have a series of quality forms of violence that include club fighting and chest pounding that prevent severe violence like shooting to kill. This offers them a great deal of flexibility in resolving the conflict without immediate resort to deadly violence (Webster, 2004). Meanwhile, they have incorporated patterns of alliance and friendship that serve to limit violence these include trading and feasting with others in order to promote friendships. According to Webster (2004), the thin line between friendship and hostility must be controlled by village leaders whose political acumen and strategies are both admirable and complex. The Yonomamo have developed one unique language that each community speaks in variety version of this language. Traditionally, they had no written language, but depended on the same words to describe several different things. For instance the Yonomamo word â€Å"Xawara† can mean disease, gold and epidemics at the same time; thus, they communicate by chanting, telling stories and using lively expressions. The Yonomamo culture does not have political readers or police force to keep law and order. However, they depend on village leaders, who do not have power over anyone, but are allowed to make suggestions about matters of daily activities. Children are an essential part of the Yonomamo culture that means the more children living in a village; the more they assisted with household tasks. To increase chances of having many, men are allowed to marry many wives that give the family a better chance of continuity. Moreover, the ceremonies are another significant part of the Yonomamo culture, and they are carried for many reasons and used to communicate with spirit. Webster (2004) indicates that ceremonial hunts may be introduced to practice catching a specific animal and they usually take part with the whole family. Meanwhile, they travel to other villages to share stories and socialize with other groups; thus, family and relationship are a significant part

Funds Accounting Essay Example for Free

Funds Accounting Essay Business-type organizations and not-for-profit organizations, including not-for-profit colleges, universities and health care providers b. Business-type organizations; not-for-profit organizations; and all colleges, universities and health care providers, whether organized as not-for-profit or governmental entities c. Business-type organizations only d. All entities, except for those under the jurisdiction of the American Institute of CPAs Answer: a 5. A not-for-profit organization performs all of the following activities except . Charging a fee for services provided b. Paying dividends to shareholders c. Purchasing long-lived (capital) assets d. Paying overtime to employees Answer: b 6. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) establishes financial reporting standards for state and local governmental entities. An entity possessing the following characteristics should follow GASB standards: a. The power to enact and levy a tax. b. The power to issue debt, for which its interest is exempt from federal taxation. c. The potential that a government could unilaterally dissolve the entity and assume their assets and liabilities. d. All of the above. e. Only a and b. Answer: d 7. For which types of organizations is the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) responsible for establishing accounting and financial reporting standards? a. All state, local, and Federal organizations b. All state and local governmental organizations, except for state and local governmental colleges, universities, health care providers, and utilities c. All state and local governmental organizations, including government-sponsored colleges, universities, health care providers, and utilities d. All governmental and not-for-profit organizations Answer: c 8. Which entity establishes financial accounting standards and principles for the federal government? a. FASB b. GASB c. FASAB d. None of the above. Answer: c 9. Which of the following is the most authoritative source of accounting standards for cities and counties? a. Current practices widely used by not-for-profit entities b. GASB Statements and Interpretations c. AICPA Industry Audit Guides d. Implementation guides published by GASB staff Answer: b 10. Not-for-profit organizations obtain their revenues primarily from a. Sales to customers b. Contributions from donors c. Taxes on personal property d. Taxes on real property Answer: b TRUE or FALSE State whether these statements are true or false. Discuss why the false statements are false. True a. An entity is likely to be a governmental entity if a controlling majority of its governing body is appointed by governmental officials. True b. The objective of a government is to provide services to its constituents. False c. AICPA pronouncements have approximately the same level of authority as articles appearing in the Journal of Accountancy. True d. The objective of a not-for-profit organization is to provide services to its constituents. False e. By definition, all funds have cash, financial resources, and capital resources. True f. The objective of a business organization is to enhance the wealth of its owners.

Alcoholism In The 21st Century Essay -- essays research papers fc

Alcoholism in the 21st Century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The dictionary describes alcoholism as continued excessive or compulsive use of alcoholic drinks. However, this disease is much more complex. Alcohol abuse is a growing problem in the United States today, causing more and more deaths each year. It affects nearly everyone in the U.S. today, either directly or indirectly. Over half of Americans have at least one close relative that has a drinking problem. About 20 million people in the United States abuse alcohol. It is the third leading cause of preventable deaths, and about 100,000 people die each year from alcohol related incidents (Peacock 11).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol is not a new invention of modern societies. It has been around through many different ancient cultures, wine being the most prominent substance. Some cultures viewed alcohol consumption as good, while others perceived it good only in moderation. For example, the Greek god Bacchus was known for his excessive drinking while the Roman god Dionysus was known for teaching moderation in drinking (Peacock 20-21).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcoholism was also learned to have existed in history. Interpreted writings on the tomb of an Egyptian king who lived over 5,000 years ago read, â€Å"His earthly abode was rent and shattered by wine and beer. And the spirit escaped before it was called for.† This shows that he died from alcohol related causes. However, most cultures began to limit alcohol use when they learned how to efficiently produce the beverage. Babylonian king Hammurabi and Chinese emperor Chung K’iang executed violators of their laws concerning alcohol (Peacock 20). Even in the Bible, refrain from alcohol is stressed. â€Å"†¦Nor drunkards†¦ will inherit the kingdom of God† (Alcohol and the Bible). The United States was not immune to strict laws opposing alcohol. In 1919, the 18th Amendment was passed, limiting alcohol use. This period lasted for 14 years and became known as the Prohibition (Peacock 28).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient and modern literatures show that alcohol has been around longer than most people think. For example, in the ancient epic of Giglamesh, written 4,000 years ago, one character was the goddess of wine and brewing, Siduri (World literature 136, 139). The Chinese poet Tu Fu wrote about celebrating an old friend’s retirement with wine in his... ...rch on causes and treatment has increased substantially. There are many new and traditional treatment methods being tested to treat alcoholism. Looking toward the future, there is hope for a successful treatment of alcoholism, and prevention in generations to come. Works Cited Alcohol and the Bible: New Expanded Version. 29 April 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Botsford, Christy. National Children of Alcoholics Week. 29   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  April 2001. Clinton Signs Bill to Lower Drunken Driving Standards. Dallas Morning News. SIRS. 23   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  October 2000. Peacock, Nancy. Drowning our Sorrows, Psychological Effects of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol Abuse. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2001. Selected Poetry of Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849). 29 April 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Williams, Steven. â€Å"America’s Drinking Problem.† Teen People. March 2000: 100-105. World Literature Third Edition. United States: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2001.

Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire

â€Å"Economic Factors in the Decline of the Byzantine Empire† In this article taken from The Journal of Economic History, Peter Charanis discusses the factors that economically affected the decline of the Byzantine Empire. His discussion is based on the fact that past scholars, such as English historian Edward Gibbon who wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, thought the Byzantine Empire was in a constant state of decline throughout its existence, but he disagrees. He says that more recent scholars have found that it was, in fact, one of the great empires in history.He references to historians such as Fridtjof Nansen, author of L’Armenie et le proche Orient, who said that the Byzantine culture â€Å"is and will remain one of the most remarkable works of architecture, and if the Byzantine culture had created nothing but that, it would be sufficient to classify it among the greatest. † Charanis is convinced that most scholars today reject G ibbon’s theory, and this article discusses why he believes so. Because the Byzantine Empire endured for over a thousand years and was the center of civilization until the middle of the eleventh century, it could not be looked at as a constantly declining empire.According to Charanis, it preserved antiquity, developed new forms of art, and held back barbarians. Byzantium produced great soldiers, statesmen, diplomats, reformers, and scholars. It was also successful at spreading the gospel among pagan tribes. Charanis quotes Czech historian F. Dvornik who wrote Les Slaves byzance et Rome au IX saying Byzantium â€Å"molded the undisciplined tribes and made nations out of them; it gave to them its religion and institutions, taught their princes how to govern, transmitted to them he very principles of civilation – writing and literature. â€Å"Byzantium was a great power and a great civilizing force,† Charanis said. He believed that war and religion were the two pri ncipal factors that molded the society of the empire and determined its external position. Because war was a normal state during Byzantium’s thousand year existence, war was not a reason to believe that it was constantly declining. For example, in the seventh century, the Sarcens, Slavs, and Bulgars reduced the empire greatly, but the seventh century emperors reorganized the administration of the empire to cope with the situation at hand.In the eleventh century however, the empire was not as fortunate to recover from certain military reverses that occurred. There were disastrous defeats that they never fully recovered from, and this is what finally led to the beginning of their decline. One very important factor, according to Charinis’ sources such as Russian historians’ books and works, were the conditions the Manzikerts left the empire in. It had such a huge impact on the social and economic life of the empire, and this was the basis of its virtual disappearan ce.Byzantium relied so fully on the social and economic aspect of their culture, that an attack to this was fatal. The Manzikert military aristocracy was far from what the Byzantines were accustomed to, and caused the soldiery-peasantry to decline which was a large part of their state. Up until this point, emperors were able to rework the empire and reorganize things so that Byzantium could thrive, but after their â€Å"large estate†, which had been a huge party of their society, was attacked, it was almost impossible.Charanis believes that the aristocracy that was put in place in the eleventh century was also another large factor of decline. Instead of being a social and economic based empire, it was a military aristocracy. The soldiers were the holders of the military estates, and the aristocracy absorbed the estates of the peasants. The focus of the emperors was the happiness of the soldiers and not of the peasants, or all the other people in the empire, and this was also a large source of decline in Byzantium.Once the emperors of the eleventh century realized that this system was not working quite as well, they tried to create an anti-military policy, which consummated a depression in soldiers. This entire struggle that occurred after the seventh century caused the empire to participate in a series of civil wars affected its sources and manpower, according the Charanis. Other serious factors that caused the decline were the weakening of the central administration, the failure to enforce measures of protection for the soldiery-peasantry, and the grants of privileges made to the aristocracy.It has been said that another reason for their decline was the strict controls they placed on commerce and industry, but Charanis disagrees and says it is extremely doubtful that this was their weakness. He backs up this argument by saying that when those controls were most strictly enforced, was when their empire was at its greatest. He goes on to say that the per iod of the greatest decline is marked by the breakdown of these controls.Tenth century Byzantine emperor Romanus Lecapenus wrote in one of his novels that the extension of power to the strong and the depression of power to the many would â€Å"bring about the irreparable loss of the public good. † Charanis agrees with him saying that â€Å"His prediction had come true. The disappearance of the free peasantry, the increase in the wealth, privileges, and power of the aristocracy, and the consequent depression of the agrarian population constitute, I think, some of the principal factors in the decline of the Byzantine Empire. †Charanis’ evidence is clearly all there and cited, but it is somewhat difficult to understand his references. They’re numbered at the bottom and his numbers are meant to further explain certain points throughout the article. Another problem I have with his evidence is that they are mostly books written by foreign authors, and I canâ₠¬â„¢t read the titles. I believe that Charanis has clearly proven his point and thoroughly discussed his thesis; however, his argument was not extremely bold, because he is arguing one historian’s theory (Edward Gibbon), and agreeing with every other historian who believes the Byzantine Empire was great.His argument was more fact-based, and proven through certain points of notoriety throughout the existence of the empire, and his presentation of these points seemed unorganized. In fact I found the organization of this article to be somewhat confusing. He seemed to jump around from century to century and fact to fact. I believe it would have been much more efficiently written if he had discussed the certain centuries of the empire in chronological order. This also would have more effectively shown the factors that led up to the decline of the Byzantine Empire.Instead he jumped around discussing things that related to the factors, but not thoroughly discussing what order the th ings happened and why one led to the next. Charanis did not raise new questions in his argument. He simply argued Gibbon’s theory, and used other historians to back his argument up. In fact, most of the historians that Charanis used as references were quite old, for example, Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian author from 1928. No recent authors or suggestions were raised from Charanis’ article.I think that overall this article offered some very thorough and credible information about the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but since his original argument was that Gibbon was wrong, he should have used more examples of historians that supported Gibbons theory and argued their points as well. Though he had many historians to back up his argument, his thesis mentioned Gibbon. He definitely proved his point and listed many factors that caused the decline of the Byzantine Empire, but I would have liked to see less confusing organization and newer information that supported his argume nt.

Historical Timeline of the Animal Rights Movement

Concern for animal suffering is not new or modern. The ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures advocate a vegetarian diet for ethical reasons. The ideology behind the animal rights movement has evolved over millennia, but many animal activists point to the 1975 publication of Australian philosopher  Peter Singers â€Å"Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals† as the catalyst for the modern American animal rights initiative. This timeline highlights some of the major events in modern animal rights. Early Events and Legislation 1635: First known animal protection legislation passes, in Ireland, An Act against plowing by the tayle, and pulling the wool off living sheep.   1641: The Massachusetts colonys Body of Liberties includes regulations against Tirranny or Crueltie toward animals. 1687: Japan reintroduces a ban on eating meat and killing animals. 1780: English philosopher Jeremy Bentham argues for better treatment of animals. 19th Century 1822: British Parliament passes Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle. 1824: The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in England by Richard Martin, Arthur Broome, and William Wilberforce. 1835: The first Cruelty to Animal Act is passed in Britain. 1866: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded by New Yorker  Henry Bergh. 1875: The National Anti-Vivisection Society is established in Britain by Frances Power Cobbe. 1892: English social reformer Henry Stephens Salt publishes Animals Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress. 20th Century 1906: Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle, an excoriating look into the cruelty and appalling conditions of the Chicago meatpacking industry, is published. 1944: English animal rights advocate Donald Watson founded the Vegan Society in Britain. 1975:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals† by philosopher Peter Singer is published. 1979:  Ã‚  Animal Legal Defense Fund is established, and the National Anti-Vivisection Society establishes World Lab Animal Day on April 24, which has since evolved into World Laboratory Animal Week. 1980:  People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is founded; â€Å"Animal Factories† by attorney Jim Mason and philosopher Peter Singer is published. 1981:  The Farm Animal Reform Movement is officially founded. 1983:  The Farm Animal Reform Movement establishes World Farm Animals Day on October 2; â€Å"The Case for Animal Rights,† by philosopher Tom Regan is published. 1985:  The first annual Great American Meatout is organized by the Farm Animal Reform Movement. 1986:  Fur Free Friday, an annual nation-wide fur protest on the day after Thanksgiving, begins; the  Farm Sanctuary is founded. 1987:  California high school student Jennifer Graham makes national headlines when she refuses to dissect a frog; Diet for a New America by John Robbins is published. 1989:  Avon stops testing its products on animals; In Defense of Animals launches their campaign against Proctor Gamble’s animal testing. 1990:  Revlon stops testing its products on animals. 1992:  Animal Enterprise Protection Act is passed. 1993:  General Motors stops using live animals in crash tests; The Great Ape Project is founded by Peter Singer and Paola Cavalieri. 1994:  Tyke the elephant goes on a rampage, killing her trainer and escaping from the circus before being gunned down by police. 1995: Erica Meier founded Compassion Over Killing. 1996:  Vegetarian activist and former cattle rancher Howard Lyman appears on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show, leading to a defamation lawsuit filed by Texas Cattlemen. 1997:  PETA releases an undercover video showing animal abuse by Huntington Life Sciences. 1998:  A jury finds in favor of Lyman and Winfrey in the defamation lawsuit filed by Texas Cattlemen; An investigation by The Humane Society of the U.S. reveals that Burlington Coat Factory is selling products made from dog and cat fur. 21st Century 2001: Compassion Over Killing conducts an open rescue at a battery hen facility, documenting abuses and rescuing eight hens. 2002:  Dominion by Matthew Scully is published;  McDonald’s settles a class-action lawsuit over their non-vegetarian french fries. 2004:  Clothing chain Forever 21 promises to stop selling fur. 2005:  The U.S. Congress pulls funding for inspections of horse meat. 2006:  The SHAC 7 are convicted under the Animal Enterprise Protection Act;  Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act is passed, and an investigation by the Humane Society of the U.S. reveals that items labeled as â€Å"faux† fur at Burlington Coat Factory are made of real fur. 2007:  Horse slaughter for human consumption ends in the United States, but live horses continue to be exported for slaughter;  Barbaro dies at the Preakness. 2009:  The European Union bans cosmetics testing and bans the sale or import of seal products. 2010:  A killer whale at SeaWorld kills his trainer, Dawn Brancheau.  SeaWorld is  fined $70,000  by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2011:  National Institute of Health stops funding of new experiments on chimpanzees;  President Barack Obama and Congress legalize horse slaughter for human consumption in the U.S. 2012:  Iowa passes the nations fourth ag-gag law, which prohibits the undercover filming of farm conditions without the owners consent;  An international convention of neuroscientists declares that non-human animals have consciousness. The declarations main author goes vegan. The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness is published in Britain, which states that many nonhuman animals possess the neurological structures to generate consciousness. 2013:  The documentary Blackfish reaches a mass audience, causing widespread  public criticism of SeaWorld. 2014: India bans cosmetic testing on animals, the first Asian country to do so. 2015-2016: SeaWorld announces it will end its controversial orca shows and breeding program. 2017: The Appropriations Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives  votes  27 -25 in favor of re-opening horse slaughter plants in the U.S. 2018: Nabisco changes its 116-year-old package design for Animal Crackers. The new box is cage-free; Sens. John Kennedy, R-La., and Catherine Cortez, D-Nev., introduces the Welfare of Our Furry Friends Act (WOOFF) to prohibit airlines from storing animals in overhead compartments after the death of Kokito, a French bulldog during a United Airlines flight from Houston to New York. 2019: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announces plans to reduce and eventually eliminate the use of mammals to test the toxicity of chemicals; California becomes the first U.S. state to ban the sale and manufacture of new fur items; Cat declawing is banned in New York State.