What is the Fourth Estate

The term fourth estate is used to describe the press. Describing journalists and the news outlets for which they work as members of the fourth estate is an acknowledgment of their influence and status among the greatest powers of a nation, the author William Safire once wrote. The term goes back centuries when it applied to any unofficial group that wielded public influence, including a mob. An Outdated Term Use of the term fourth estate to describe the modern media, though, is somewhat outdated unless it is with irony, given the publics mistrust of journalists and news coverage in general. Fewer than a third of news consumers say they trust the media, according to the Gallup organization. Before 2004, it was common for a majority of Americans to profess at least some trust in the mass media, but since then, less than half of Americans feel that way. Now, only about a third of the U.S. has any trust in the Fourth Estate, a stunning development for an institution designed to inform the public, Gallup wrote in 2016.   The phrase lost its vividness as the other estates faded from memory, and now has a musty and stilted connotation, wrote Safire, a former New York Times columnist. In current use the press usually carries with it the aura of freedom of the press enshrined in the U.S. Constitution, while press critics usually label it, with a sneer, the media. Origins of Fourth Estate The term fourth estate  is often attributed  to British politician Edmund Burke. Thomas Carlyle, in Heroes and Hero-Worship in History, writes: Burke said that there were three Estates in Parliament, but in the Reporters Gallery yonder, there sat a fourth Estate more important far than them all. The Oxford English Dictionary attributes the term fourth estate to Lord Brougham in 1823. Others attributed it to English essayist William Hazlitt. In England, the three estates preceding the fourth estate were the king, the clergy and the commoners. In the United States, the term fourth estate is sometimes used to place the press alongside the three branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial. The fourth estate refers to the watchdog role of the press, one that is important to a functioning democracy. Role of the Fourth Estate The First Amendment to the Constitution frees the press. But that freedom carries with it a responsibility to be the peoples watchdog. The traditional newspaper, however, is threatened by shrinking readership, and the watchdog role is not being filled by other forms of media. Television is focused on entertainment, even when it dresses it up as news. Traditional radio stations are threatened by satellite radio, with no ties to local concerns. All are confronted with the frictionless distribution enabled by the Internet, the disruptive effects of digital information. Few have figured out a business model that pays for content at todays rates. Personal bloggers may be great at filtering and framing information, but few have the time or resources to perform acts of investigative journalism. Sources Safire, William. â€Å"The One-Man Fourth Estate.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 6 June 1982Swift, Art. â€Å"Americans Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low.†Ã‚  Gallup.com, Gallup

Americans Attitude Change in the 60s - 2293 Words

Question 1: For many Americans, the 1960s began with JFKs Age of Camelot, an era that seemed to exude confidence in American institutions. Yet, by the early 1970s, those expectations and attitudes seemed to be replaced by a sense of bitterness and cynicism. Discuss and analyze the causes and consequences of this profound attitudinal shift. Question 3: How did official US policy towards Vietnam change between 1950 and 1975? How did American leaders link events in Vietnam to national security interests? How did the American public react to the war in the sixties and early seventies? Answer: These two questions are so intertwined with one another that combining the two answers is the most efficient way of telling the story.†¦show more content†¦What seems to have begun the turning of the tide for Americans perception of government is what comes next. In November of 1963, JFK was assassinated in Dallas. In one explosive moment, Camelot came crashing down and died with Kennedy. America was shocked, and events such as Jackies witness to Johnsons swearing in, all while continuing to wear the blood and brain speckled suit, further personified the event. Johnson was not as liked as a president. He had somewhat of a personality complex. He always wished to be viewed as powerful. He was a tall Texan, and his professed arrogance was pushed on all who contacted him. For example, he had a powered chair lift installed in Air-Force-One so that he could raise himself inches above the people he was talking with. Johnson had always been a strong legislator, and he brought these talents to the white house. He pushed for social issues. He was successful in passing the Civil Rights Act in 1964, followed by the Voting Rights Act shortly later. In November of 64, Americans elected Johnson in a landslide. All of America except for the Deep South seemed to like what he had to say about social issues. Johnsons own presidency shadows the divide of America. 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Three Chinese Schools Of Thought Essay Research free essay sample

Three Chinese Schools Of Thought Essay, Research Paper The Three Schools Joseph Kemling Chinese Civ Essay 2 The three schools of thought-Confucian, Taoist, and Legalist, all have different positions and grounds as to whether or non the United States should be involved in the struggle in Kosovo. Each school perceived Tao in different ways and had different position? s on human nature. To see how each school would take its side on this issue, we must foremost hold some background information on the schools. Confucius was one of the chief subscribers of the Confucian school of idea. He had one overpowering message: if work forces are to accomplish a province of methodicalness and peace, they need to return to traditional values of virtuousness. These values are based wholly on one construct: jen, which is best translated as # 8220 ; humaneness, # 8221 ; but can besides intend # 8220 ; humanity, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; benevolence, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; goodness, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; virtue. # 8221 ; This humaneness is a comparatively unusual construct to Western eyes, because it is non chiefly a operable virtuousness. Rather, the occupation of the # 8220 ; gentleman, # 8221 ; ch # 8217 ; ? n tzu, was to concentrate on the highest constructs of behaviour even when this is impractical or foolish. Like his coevalss, Confucius believed that the human order in some manner reflected the Godhead order, or the forms of Eden. More than anything, for Confucius the ancients understood the order and hierarchy of Eden and Earth ; as a consequence, Confucius established the Chinese yesteryear as an infallible theoretical account for the present. ( Reader P. 81 ) What is incumbent on single people is to find the right form to populate and regulate by ; this can be achieved by analyzing the sage-kings and their manner of life and authorities and by following rites conscientiously, for the form of Eden is most explicitly inscribed on the assorted rites, Li, prescribed for the behavior of mundane life. Neglecting ritual, or making rites falsely, demonstrated a moral lawlessness or upset of the most crying sort. These heavenly forms were besides inscribed in the forms of music and dance, Y? eh, so that order in this life could be attained by apprehension and practising the order of traditional and grave music and dance. Music and dance are talked about invariably in the Confucian Hagiographas. Why? Because traditional music and dance absolutely embody the humaneness and wisdom of their composers, who understood absolutely the order of the universe and Eden ; one can make within oneself this wisdom by decently executing this music and dance. ( Reader p. 97 ) Taoism is, along with Confucianism, the most of import strain of Chinese thought through the ages. It is about wholly different from Confucianism, but non contradictory. It ranges over wholly different concerns, so that it is common for persons, philosophers, Chinese novels or movies, etc. , to be both Confucianist and Taoist. The Taoist has no concern for personal businesss of the province, for mundane or everyday affairs of disposal, or for luxuriant ritual ; instead Taoism encourages avoiding public responsibility in order to seek for a vision of the nonnatural universe of the spirit. ( Website ) Taoism is based on the thought that behind all material things and all the alteration in the universe lies one fundamental, cosmopolitan rule: the Way or Tao. This rule gives rise to all being and governs everything, all alteration and all life. Behind the bewildering multiplicity and contradictions of the universe lies a individual integrity, the Tao. The intent of human life, so, is to populate life harmonizing to the Tao, which requires passiveness, composure, non-striving ( wu Wei ) , humbleness, and deficiency of planning, for to program is to travel against the Tao.The text of Lao Tzu is chiefly concerned with portraying a theoretical account of human life lived by the Tao ; later authors will emphasize more mystical and charming facets. But Lao Tzu was, like Confucius, Mo Tzu, and Mencius, besides concerned with the nature of authorities ; he believed unquestioningly in the thought that a authorities could besides be in conformity with the Tao. What would such a authorities expression like? It would non pay war, it would non be complex, it would non interfere in people # 8217 ; s lives, it would non wallow in luxury and wealth, and, ideally, it would be inactive, functioning chiefly as a usher instead than as a governor. There were people who tried to translate Lao Tzu into existent political action during the Han dynasty ; these were, as you might conceive of, dramatic failures. Taoism is often called in China, # 8220 ; The Teachings of the Yellow Emperor and Lao Tzu, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; The Teachings of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. # 8221 ; Now, Chuang Tzu ( 369-286 B.C. ) was a existent individual ; his instructions come down to us in a short aggregation of his expressions. The Yellow Emperor is wholly fabulous. This Lao Tzu, nevertheless, we know nil about ; we can non state with certainty if he existed and when ; on the other manus, we can non state with certainty that he did non be. All we know is that we have a really short book, the Lao Tzu ( or Tao te ching ) , whose writer is supposed to be Lao Tzu. The book is difficult to read ( as is Chuang Tzu ) , for one of the underlying rules of Taoism is that it can non be talked about. Hence, Lao Tzu uses non-discursive authorship techniques: contradiction, paradox, mysticism, and metaphor. ( Reader p. 82 ) The Legaliats presented a first in Chinese authorities: the application of a philosophical system to authorities. And despite their blue failure and subsequent demonisation throughout descendants, the philosophical and political inventions they practiced had a permanent consequence on the nature of Chinese authorities. The basic starting point for the early Confucianists ( Confucius and Mencius ) was that human existences were basically good ; every homo was born with Te, or # 8220 ; moral virtue. # 8221 ; The 3rd gr eat Confucianist of antiquity, Hs? n Tzu ( fl. 298-238 B.C. ) , believed precisely the antonym, that all human existences were born basically depraved, selfish, greedy, and lubricious. However, this was non some dark and pessimistic position of humanity, for Hs? n Tzu believed that worlds could be made good through socialization and instruction ( which is the basic position of society in Europe and America from the eighteenth to the 20th centuries: worlds are basically basal and coarse but can be taught to be good and refined ) . His student, Han Fei Tzu, began from the same starting point, but determined that worlds are made good by province Torahs. The lone manner to look into human selfishness and corruption was to set up Torahs that bounteously rewarded actions that benefit others and the province and ruthlessly penalize all actions that harmed others or the province. For Confucius, power was something to be wielded for the benefit of the people, but for Han Fei, the benefit of the people lay in the ruthless control of single selfishness. Since even the emperor can non be counted on to act in the involvements of the people, that is, since even the emperor can be selfish, it is necessary that the Torahs be supreme over even the emperor. Ideally, if the Torahs are written good plenty and enforced sharply, there is no demand of single leading, for the Torahs entirely are sufficient to regulate a province. ( Website ) When the Ch # 8217 ; in gained imperial power after decennaries of civil war, they adopted the thoughts of the Legalists as their political theory. In pattern, under legalists such as Li Ssu ( d. 208 B.C. ) and Chao Kao, the Legalism of the Ch # 8217 ; in dynasty ( 221-207 ) involved a unvarying dictatorship. Peoples were conscripted to labour for long periods of clip on province undertakings, such as irrigation undertakings or the series of defensive walls in northern China which we know as the Great Wall ; all dissension with the authorities was made a capital offense ; all alternative ways of thought, which the Legalists saw as promoting the natural unruliness of humanity, were banned. The policies finally led to the ruin of the dynasty itself after merely 14 old ages in power. Local peoples began to revolt and the authorities did nil about it, for local functionaries feared to convey these rebellions to the attending of the governments since the studies themselves might be construed as a unfavorable judgment of the authorities and so consequence in their executings. The emperor # 8217 ; s tribunal did non detect these rebellions until it was far excessively tardily, and the Ch # 8217 ; in and the policies they pursued were discredited for the remainder of Chinese history. ( Reader p. 82 ) But it is non so easy to disregard Legalism as this short, anomalous, unpleasant period of dictatorship in Chinese history, for the Legalists established ways of making authorities that would deeply influence ulterior authoritiess. First, they adopted Mo Tzu # 8217 ; s thoughts about utilitarianism ; the merely occupations that people should be engaged in should be businesss that materially benefited others, peculiarly agribusiness. Most of the Ch # 8217 ; in Torahs were efforts to travel people from useless activities, such as scholarship or doctrine, to utile 1s. This utilitarianism would last as a dynamic strain of Chinese political theory up to and including the Maoist revolution. Second, the Legalists invented what we call # 8220 ; regulation of jurisprudence, # 8221 ; that is, the impression that the jurisprudence is supreme over every single, including single swayers. The jurisprudence should govern instead than persons, who have authorization merely to administrate the jurisprudence. Third, the Legalists adopted Mo Tzu # 8217 ; s thoughts of uniform standardisation of jurisprudence and civilization. In order to be effectual, the jurisprudence has to be uniformly applied ; no-one is to be punished more or less badly because of their societal standing. This impression of # 8220 ; equality before the jurisprudence # 8221 ; would, with some alterations, remain a cardinal construct in theories of Chinese authorities. In their pursuit for unvarying criterions, the Ch # 8217 ; in undertook a undertaking of standardising Chinese civilization: the authorship system, the pecuniary system, weights and steps, the philosophical systems ( which they chiefly accomplished by destructing rival schools of idea ) . This standardisation deeply affected the coherency of Chinese civilization and the centralisation of authorities ; the effort to standardise Chinese thought would take in the early Han dynasty ( 202 B.C.-9 A.D. ) to the merger of the rival schools into one system of idea, the alleged Han Synthesis. ( Website ) With this background information, I believe that the Confucianists and the Legalists would support the U.S. engagement in Kosovo ; while the Taoists would be against it. The Confucianists would see it as their responsibility to assist out the people in Kosovo, and to halt the atrociousnesss that are happening at that place. Not acquiring involved would be non being virtuous. The power of the United States should be wielded to assist the people and the province. The Legalists would besides back up engagement in Kosovo, but for a different ground than the Confucianists. They would see it as their right to demo tough love to the Yugoslavians. They would privation to back up the UN? s determination that no state can interrupt the jurisprudence and non be punished. Once the Yugoslav? s were punished, they would see the visible radiation as to what is the proper thing to make. The Legalists believed that merely penalizing Yugoslavia for their bad behaviour would benifit the universe and give it order. The Taoists would non back up the U.S. engagement in Kosova for many grounds. The Taoists believe in the virtuousnesss of inactivity. They believed that the intent of human life, so, is to unrecorded life harmonizing to the Tao, which requires passiveness, composure, non-striving ( wu Wei ) , and humbleness. The Taoists would hence non prosecute in an aggressive onslaught in Kosovo.

United States Foreign Policies to Egypt and Libya Foreign Policies before Uprisings

Table of Contents Foreign Policies before Uprisings Foreign Policies after the Uprising Differences between Previous and Current Policies Future Foreign Policies Works Cited Foreign Policies before Uprisings The United States have always enjoyed a cordial relationship with Libya and Egypt before the turmoil. The previous administrations the U.S. had very sound policies towards the two States, which were meant to strengthen ties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United States’ Foreign Policies to Egypt and Libya Foreign Policies before Uprisings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The U.S. government never came up with policies projected to force the leaders of the two States to be accountable. Insisting on things like democracy and liberalization of the economy could anger the leaders of these States and hence straining the economic ties. The U.S. supported Libya in its endeavors while the United States be nefited from reduced fuel prices. The U.S. government protected Libya from the angers of the reformists and other aggressions from outside. The autocratic leaders were supplied with weapons from the American arms industries. The American engineering industry benefited from the relations because it reaped maximally. The government of the U.S. avoided any conflicts with the two States since such conflicts can interfere with the multilateral relations. The U.S. companies marketed the products from Libya and supplied the Egyptian industries with facilities such as machinery needed for production. The relations between the U.S. and the embattled States before the uprisings can therefore be termed as peaceful and cooperative. The relations were mutual since the two parties benefited, though the U.S. benefited more. It is argued that there is no common government at the international system. States are more concerned with their self-interests. The U.S. supported the two countries because i t benefited from such support. States at the international system exist according to the Hobbestian state of nature. The international system is anarchic meaning that the mighty States, such as the U.S. subjugates the lesser ones. States at the international system have not yet formed a Leviathan, which is a common authority in charge of overseeing the affairs of all States. Libya and Egypt were supported by the U.S. only because of one reason, oil. After the uprisings, things changed. The U.S. swiftly changed and demanded accountability from the leaders of the two States. This was aimed at preserving its image at the international system. The United States is always depicted as the image of democracy. It is not surprising that the U.S. voted for the decision at the U.N. Security Council authorizing the imposition of the no-fly zone to Libya. The U.S. foreign policies towards these states were inspired by economic motives.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see i f we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Foreign Policies after the Uprising The U.S. can bear Mubarak’s and Kaddafi’s defeat because it is uncertain Egyptian ruling leaders as well as Libyan autocrats will refuse to continue operating within the American precincts. Certainly, they will grip to the Washington’s lap. It is equally cynical that the military council managing Egypt at the command of the ruling class will lead the state in a way acceptable to the employees and students who ousted Mubarak. It was sending a warning to the leader of the military council, Field Marshal Mohamed Tantawi, who served faithfully at Mubarak’s regime in ruling Egypt for years.   The insurgents observe that while the tyrant is departed, vital features of the stretched repression are expected to stay put. Washington is contented with the progress so far. What the United States cannot accept is a public rebellion in a State inferior to the U.S. that demolishes the established state machinery and starts edifying a fresh radical government devoted to throwing out the entire traces of the previous imperialist authority. When Nicaragua attempted it, Uncle Sam instigated the Contras. After Cuba made it, the U.S. is still harsh to its little neighbor for proclaiming sovereignty from its Yankee overlord, 52 years afterward (Grimmett 76). The concern is whether the Egyptian citizens will be contended when fresh provisions are made in some months to come. In Libya, the U.S. of late has taken a more active position as opposed to the time when the uprising started. It has joined other major powers in condemning the outraged Libyan government for assaulting innocent citizens and committing crimes against humanity. The U.S. forces have so far been deployed to the region to check any terror activities that might crop up in the course of the uprising. Differences between Previous and Current Policies The U.S. before the uprisings ha d friendly policies that were meant to entice the leaders to dispose of oil products at fair prices to the people of America. The U.S. supported all forms of governments in the region without considering their political responsibilities. Things have so far changed. Every leader wishing to take over power is assessed carefully to determine whether he will abide by the rules and regulations of the United Nations (Bret 21). The current governments must be accountable and responsive to the needs of the people. It can be summarized that, while the policies before the uprisings were cooperative in nature, the policies after the uprisings are full of conflicts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United States’ Foreign Policies to Egypt and Libya Foreign Policies before Uprisings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Libyan autocrats are no longer protected because the whole world is now keen on the activities taking place. Supporting totalitarianism will be contradictory to the U.S. principles. For that reason, the U.S. is calling upon the leaders to liberalize the economy and ensure that basic human rights are adhered. Future Foreign Policies The U.S. policies in future will have to be tactful since the incoming governments may come up with new strategies to lockout the U.S. from oil proceeds. The secret agents are working out a formula to ensure that friendly leaders take over power in the two States. The leaders are expected to support the United States in the U.N. Security Council and its quest to achieving national interests. The future foreign policies will be all encompassing and inclusive. The U.S. will come up with future policies after scrutinizing the idiosyncratic variables, that is the behavior of leaders and the institutional or governmental variables, implying the governmental institutions such as the civil service and the executive. Future foreign policies will be shaped by the aftermath of the uprising. Should governmental powers land to the hands of the Islamic radicals, the U.S. will be forced to come up with more radical policies to counter the influence of the group. This could be one of the setbacks for the U.S. government. Works Cited Adams, Chris. â€Å"Libyan rebel leader spent much of past 20 years in suburban Virginia.† McClatchy Newspapers, 2011. Web. Bret, Stephens. â€Å"The Libya mission was never about regime change.† Wall Street Journal, March 2011. Web. Grimmett, Richard. â€Å"The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty-Six Years.† Fas.org, 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gutterman, Steve. â€Å"No UN mandate to attack Gaddafi forces: Russia.† Reuters, 2011. Web. Kareem, Fahim. â€Å"Rebel leadership shows signs of strain in Libya.† New York Times, 2011. Web. Youssef, May. â€Å"Anti-Gaddafists Rally in London.† Al Ahram Weekly, AlJazeera,  2005. Web. This essay on United States’ Foreign Policies to Egypt and Libya Foreign Policies before Uprisings was written and submitted by user Jedidiah Rivas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stages of Prenantal Development Essay Example

Stages of Prenantal Development Paper The intricate details of life begin with a single cell that develops into a full term fetus within approximately 38-40 weeks. The prenatal development stages outline the growth of the child and give a clearer picture of the development of the child in the womb. The course of this prenatal development is divided into three main periods:  germinal, embryonic, and fetal. The germinal/conception stage begins with conception, occurs within the first 2 weeks. This journey begins when the sperm and egg cell unite in one of the two fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins  and continues rapidly forming a blastocyst. Finally, the blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attached to the uterine wall, a process known as implantation. The conception stage is basically the preparatory and preliminary process of prenatal development that readies and prepares the body for the impending pregnancy. Once implantation has occur the the blastocyst is develops into an embryo. This second stage, the  embryonic period  occurs 2-8 weeks after conception. This is referred as the most important stage of prenatal devllopment as the foundational development of the embryo begins here. During this period, the rate of cell division increases, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear. The mass of cells attached to the uterine wall forms two layers and is now called the embryo. The  inner layer of cells of the embryo is the endoderm  which develops into digestive and respiratory systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Stages of Prenantal Development specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stages of Prenantal Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stages of Prenantal Development specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The  ectoderm which is the outer layer of cells will become the nervous system and sensory receptors such as ears, nose, and eyes, and skin. The middle layer known as the  mesoderm will develop into the circulatory system, bones, muscle, excretory system, and reproductive system. By the 8th week teeth and intestines start the form as well. From the 11th week onwards, the child is called a fetus, and this stage is the last of the prenatal development timeline. This stage culminates in the birth of the child. Development of the fetus continues rapidly throughout most of this period. The fetus develops hair, nails, vocal cords, genitals, hardened bones, and a functioning liver and kidneys. By about the 20th week fat starts accumulating under the skin, the heart starts pumping more amounts of blood each day, and the baby also starts experiencing hiccups. The rate of development continues slowly as other body systems such as ligaments, brain and eyes continue developing. Up to the 40th week, the main task is the formation of the lungs, as most other body parts and organs are ready. The child starts developing necessary immunities, and also starts fattening up to face the outer environment. By about the 39th week, the child will be ready to be born into this world. During pregnancy there are 3 trimesters. A trimester is referred to as a three months period. Most commonly, the first trimester is defined as from conception through week 14. The second trimester is from week 14 through week 28. And the third trimester is from week 28 through labor and deliver, which varies considerably but averages at week 40.

Jack and Ralph Lord of the Flies Essays

Jack and Ralph Lord of the Flies Essays Jack and Ralph Lord of the Flies Essay Jack and Ralph Lord of the Flies Essay Essay Topic: Lord Of the Flies In the novel The Lord of the Flies, Jack and Ralph represent two separate entities that increasingly butt heads with each other as the novel progresses. These two characters have completely different viewpoints on what should be happening while they are in the situation that currently has a grasp on them. Ralph tries to lean towards a more civilized route on the way things should be and what everyone should do to get out of the situation they are in on the island that could easily mean life or death. Jack isn’t as focused on getting things organized and sorted out for a chance of rescue off the island. He leans towards a savagery and barbaric like way of things as he is presented with different situations that he could be civilized about but instead acts with an opposing force to Ralph and his way of how things should be. With these two characters being so different from one another it is hard for everyone else because they must make a choice on who to follow and take orders f rom. How do these two entities represent human nature and what defects it may really have? Ralph represents leadership, the properly socialized and civilized young man. This is the presumably good and just side of humans that most attribute to as good and well-behaved. Normally you’d see these types of people curing diseases and creating things that before were said to not be able to be created. These traits make for a good leader who will usually take up a task that someone else would never even want to be presented with. Even though these traits and qualities seem great and almost perfect, there is a side to these kinds of people that might make you second guess on your current thoughts about the â€Å"properly socialized and civilized man. This side is what I callsurvival. The survival trait among humans is hereditary to all as it is what we were forced to reside to always in the ancient times. But this trait for this type of man can be harmful as it has the

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Essay

La bodas de Sangre - Blood weeding (federico Lorca) & Blood weeding Film (Carlos Saura) - Essay Example In reference to Leonardo as the dark river shows honor and life-death as the connection is fairly clear when the Bride refers to the fatal force of the dark river in contrast to the â€Å"little bit of water. The â€Å"little bit of water symbolizes the Bridegroom from which she hoped for children. Symbolism that in the film, the orange blossoms that the bride wore were fake and waxy which symbolized the fake society in which she lived. In the movie the bride wears the fake orange blossoms to her wedding as it symbolizes her conformity to the society in almost a mocking way.   This goes together with the black dress she wears for the wedding, as if symbolizing her despair and sadness at having to go through with the wedding  when she really loves Leonardo. The lyrics impulse of the play culminates in the film, where the themes of honor and passion are absorbed in the theme of death that which paradoxically is life. The play of double perspective of death that are suggested in the dual manifestation as death is said to be an Old Woman demanding for a crust of bread. In another image Death is said to be white faced and the moon longing for life and seeking in the death of the men is symbolized by a heart, the crest of the fire, and red blood for his cheeks. The ceremony of p reparing the Bride in the church and the festivities preceding the entry of the Bride and Groom in to the bridal chamber. Both lyrics employ the familiar symbol of a flower, branch, and stream and both make visible another thread of symbol that is to become prominent as the themes of pride and passion move toward their ultimate resolution in the theme of death. The symbol of fire is enhanced as it is associated with honor as well passion and death. The horse in the Lullaby is to be identified with Leonardo’s horse and his wounds with the fate of Leonardo is indicated by the action accompanying the song.

Business Law in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Law in Australia - Essay Example This clearly makes the advertisement misleading and deceptive or as the addition of 1977 to the provision said "is likely to mislead or deceive'. This section provides the consumers protection against false company promises and advertisements. David Harland even believed that this law protected consumers from deceptive advertisement and promotional stuff.( Cornwall-Jones, 2000) Section 52 is perfectly applicable to the conduct of ABCD co, because it satisfies all the requirements of s 52. Firstly, the act is primarily applicable to corporations and ABCD co, is a corporation. Secondly, the conduct has occurred in the field of " trade and commerce". Thirdly, the offending party, the wine company, was " engaged in the conduct" which means as it was the one that offered the tickets and later revoke it without any prior notice to its consumers; it was engaged in the misleading conduct. Fourthly, their conduct, which is under analysis, was misleading and deceptive. ABCD co may state that they did not intend to mislead or deceive, but it is of little importance as their conduct misled consumers like Bob and Sally. The Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke ball case can be used to support their case. it is one of most famous cases in the common law of contracts. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company claimed to have made a product that could protect its users for contracting influenza a nd if someone would contract, the company would pay 100 pounds to its user. It became very popular in 1890s and was being sold throughout Britain and North America. For Mrs. Carlill the product did not work and she contracted influenza. She wrote to the company and she was told that advertisement wasn't serious. So she filed a suit against them. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company defended its case by saying that she neither informed them that she was using the product and wants its price in case it did not work or did they benefit from her use. However, the court overruled both the arguments because it defended Mrs. Carlill by saying that she had entered an agreement with the company as soon as she bought product and the product was " unilateral offer". Thus, as a result the company had to pay her the promised money. It brought into the enforcement the law of " unilateral offers", where the consumer accepts the offer when he simply buys the product. As soon as the sale of product takes place, he comes into contract with the company and he is entitled to all offers, privileges, gifts being offered with the product. (" Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball"), ("Carbolic Smoke Ball") If ABCD co may try to defend its position by showing the notice, in which the offer has been revoked and which appeared half an hour before Bob and Sally reached there or it may have already added an exclusion clause that would protect the company from any liability resulting from the breach. With the help of section 52, the power of any such exclusion clause will be reduced to great extent. (Cornwall-Jones, 2000) However, section 52, does not provide any remedies for the losses incurred by the people. Part VI of the TPA provides recoveries for a breach of s 52, and it includes s 82 damages, s 87 court orders and s 80 injunctions. It is not sufficient that a certain advertisement is proved as misleading; the consumer has to bring into light the losses he incurred as a result of being misled. Section 82 provides remedies for

Role of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of Literature review

Role of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of women - Literature review Example This essay "Role of education in changing gender relations and empowerment of women" outlines the role of the schooling and equal rights and attitude to both genders in society. Findings from Wajcman (2013: p29) show that there is a complex relationship between overall education rates of penetration in countries and differences between these rates in men and women. A report on statistical analysis of various developed and developing nations found that relationships between overall literacy divide and gender divide is tenuous and is not supportive of the argument that literacy and gender move together. This shows that there is a need for the disentanglement of social aspects of education access from others that are more related to physical access. Groups with power and privilege normally leverage this combination of social and physical access in different ways, as compared to marginalized and vulnerable groups (Wajcman, 2013: p29). Most experts argue that the ethnocentric western way in which educational empowerment is interpreted does not take into consideration the social and historical contexts within which education is used and accessed. Time for women is a vital resource whose supply is short and, therefore, any educational solution that seeks to improve women’s lives and improve their choices and empowerment should be seen as accessible and relevant means to improve efficiency, instead of as an additional load to their already numerous responsibilities (Wajcman, 2013: p29).... Gender differences in education are variously described as rooted in perceptions and attitudes concerning education. For example, time for women is a vital resource whose supply is short and, therefore, any educational solution that seeks to improve women’s lives and improve their choices and empowerment should be seen as accessible and relevant means to improve efficiency, instead of as an additional load to their already numerous responsibilities (Wajcman, 2013: p29). Beyond the leisure time for women away from productive and reproductive tasks, which is limited, women usually do not have the required mobility to go to school, which may be symptomatic of carious socio-economic factors, safety precautions, and cultural restrictions. Improved education and literacy are linked with correlated improvements in participation in global and local communities, as well as in individual empowerment. According to Kane (2005: p78), women living in developing nations are in the deepest po rtion of the education divide and are increasingly removed from this experience by their male counterparts who share their poverty. Factors that are engendered, such as language, constraints of time, income, cultural contexts, and education, affect the access by women to employment, education, and to academic institutions. The limited access to education by women comes from illiteracy barriers, time constraints, and preoccupation with their survival in oppressive and egalitarian socio-cultural practices and norms, the predominantly urban nature of the academic facilities, and its high costs (Kane, 2005: p78). Therefore, literacy and education are

History Of The Bahai Faith Religion Essay

History Of The Bahai Faith Religion Essay The Bahai Faith is an independent monotheistic religion. The Bahai Faith is an independent religion in the sense that it has its own scriptures, own laws, own holy days as well as its own calendar. This faith is known to be one of the fastest growing religion in the world and is spread to at least 250 independent nations in the world. The Bahai Faith represents approximately 2112 ethnic and tribal groups and is composed of as many as over six million people who have declared themselves as followers of the Bahai Faith. This faith is distinct in terms of the diversity of the believers of the faith. The Bahai Faith is a global religion as the believers come from different cultural, ethnic, professional and social class background. The second figure, Bahaullah (Glory of God) was known to be the founder of the Bahai Faith. Bahaullah was born as Mirza Husayn- Ali Nuri in Tehran, Persia who was the son of a prominent Iranian noblemen. He was one of Babs first disciples as well as the most renowned one. In his 20s, he renounced a life filled with wealth, privilege and high social standing in order to join the Babis and fight for humanitarian rights. When the Babis were being persecuted after the death of the Bab, Bahaullah also suffered and was thrown into the Siyah-Chal which is a black pit. It was during his imprisonment here where he received revelations through a maiden from God of him being a Messenger of God and him being the prophet of which the Bab had predicted. While most of the Babis were being killed, he was spared and released from prison but he was consequently exiled from Iran by the government. Bahaullah then made his way to Baghdad and began the quest to revive the Babi community there. Due to this , he was again exiled to Constantinople but before his departure, he revealed to his followers that he was the manifestation of God. This incident marked the birth of the Bahai Faith. After his stay in Constantinople, he was again asked to depart for Adrianople, Turkey. Here, he openly revealed his claim of being the messenger of God and began proclaiming his station openly to the world at a larger scale. It was here also when Bahaullah sent a series of letters to the leading monarchs of his time to inform them about his faith. The monarchs included Pope Pius IX and Queen Victoria. Bahaullah was subsequently sent to Akka which is the modern day Acre, Israel. His final years were spent here but before his death, he assigned and declared his son, Abdul-Baha as the Centre of the Covenant, successor and interpreter of Bahaullahs writings. The third figure, Abdul-Baha known as the Servant of God was the oldest son of Bahaullah and the successor of the leader of the Bahai community. His appointment was stated in the will of Bahaullah. Abdul-Baha was born as Abbas Effendi in Tehran. His birth was special as that day marked the start of the mission of the Bab. From a very young age, he experienced the sufferings of exile and imprisonment alongside his father. Under his leadership, the Bahai Faith expanded beyond the Middle East and found its way to Europe as well as North America.

Insulin Resistance In Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay

Correlation of Insulin Resistance in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus utilizing Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance ( HOMA-IR ) with organic structure mass index ( BMI ) and Waist-Hip ratio ( WHR ) . Diabetess type 2 is a chronic upset characterized by variable grades of insulin opposition, impaired insulin secernment, and increased glucose production. It consequences from a combination of distinguishable familial and metabolic defects in insulin action and/or secretion.1, 2 Insulin opposition is the reduced ability of insulin to move efficaciously on mark tissues and is a outstanding characteristic of type 2 DM.3-6 It besides consequences from a combination of familial susceptibleness and fleshiness, and has a positive correlativity with organic structure bole fat, ( BMI ) , organic structure fat mass ( kilogram ) , and organic structure fat percentage.4, 6-16 Intra-abdominal fat terminals and lessening in femoral fat are besides independent lending factors for insulin resistance.14 Higher degrees of go arounding insulin will nevertheless normalise the plasma glucose, therefore insulin opposition slightly comparative. The most common type of insulin opposition is associated with corpulence and obesity.8 A fasting serum insulin degree of greater than the upper bound of normal for the check used is considered grounds of insulin opposition. However the gilded criterion for look intoing and quantifying insulin opposition is the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clinch method. But due to the complicated nature of this technique ( and the possible dangers of hypoglycaemia in some patients ) , options have been sought to simplify the measuring of insulin opposition. The first was the Homeostasis Model Assessment ( HOMA-IR ) . Fasting insulin and glucose degrees are used in both to cipher insulin opposition, and both correlative moderately with the consequences of clamping studies.17-19 HOMA-IR is a utile method to find insulin opposition in epidemiological studies.17, 19, 20 Similarly, beta cell map can be assessed by the Homeostasis Model Assessment Beta ( HOMA-? ) .19 Several surveies have shown correlativity of IR with WC and WHR and these patients are at hazard for developing complications like indispensable high blood pressure, type 2 Diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.8 Each addition of 15 centimeter in the WC is associated with an addition of the hazard hyperglycaemia and IR ( 65 % and 123 % , severally ) . The cut-off points that better discriminated work forces and adult females, with and without IR, were 105 and 91 centimeter, with a sensitiveness of 62 % ( 95 % assurance interval [ CI ] , 46-77 % ) and 71 % ( 95 % CI, 54-85 % ) , and a specificity of 72 % ( 95 % CI, 66-78 % ) and 68 ( 95 % CI, 63-73 % ) , respectively.21 Prevalence of corpulence and fleshiness is high in type2 diabetes. This has been reported at 10.4 % and 79.4 % respectively.22 One survey demonstrated high prevalence of insulin opposition and impaired glucose tolerance associated with organic structure bole fat, among corpulent non-diabetic striplings. Insulin opposition was positively correlated with organic structure bole fat ( R = 0.457 ; P = 0.001 ) , BMI ( r = 0.417 ; P = 0.003 ) , organic structure fat mass ( kilogram ) ( r = 0.386 ; P = 0.006 ) and organic structure fat per centum ( R = 0.285 ; P = 0.047 ) . Furthermore, there was a negative correlativity between HOMA-IR and thin organic structure mass.7 The principle of this survey is that non much research work has been done on insulin opposition in Pakistan, and maintaining in head the part of insulin opposition to the development of complications, it is indispensable to find its prevalence which will enable us to step in at an early phase to forestall such complications. Besides with increasing figure of fleshy and corpulent patients and association of fleshiness with insulin opposition and development of complications, it is imperative to step in at an early phase and forestall the associated morbidity and mortality.AimTo find the correlativity of insulin opposition with organic structure mass index and waist hip ratio in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Operational DefinitionHomeostasis Model of Assessment of Insulin ResistanceBody Mass IndexBMI = Mass ( kilogram ) / ( Height ( metres ) ) 2Material and MethodStudy design: Cross-sectional Study. Puting: Medical Unit II, Civil Hospital Karachi. Duration of survey: Minimal six months after blessing of outline. Sample size: Using correlativity of BMI and insulin opposition of 0.417, presuming correlativity of insulin opposition and WHR of 0.28, assurance interval of 95 % and power of survey 90 % , the sample size is calculated as 100 topics. Sampling technique Non-probability back-to-back sampling. Sample choice Inclusion standards: All patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exclusion standards Patients with ischaemic bosom disease, nephritic disfunction, liver disfunction, thyroid disfunction and morbific diseases. Patients on weight decrease planData Collection ProcedureEthical blessing from competent authorization will be sought. Patients will be enrolled after taking informed consent. Data collected at survey entry will include age, medical history, smoke and intoxicant imbibing wonts, and anthropometric indices including waist perimeter, hip perimeter, blood force per unit area, fasting plasma glucose and fasting insulin degree. Fasting blood samples will be obtained by cubital venipuncture and so shipped to a individual research lab for analysis. Plasma fasting glucose degrees will be measured enzymatically utilizing an automatic analyser. Fasting plasma insulin will be measured by radioimmunoassay. HOMA-IR and HOMA-? will be calculated utilizing a antecedently mentioned formula.10 Other blood chemical markers will besides be measured utilizing widely accepted methods. Measurements of anthropometric indices and blood force per unit area will be carried out by trained staff. Information on medical history will be obtained utilizing a self-administered questionnaire.Data Analysis ProcedureCollected informations will be entered in PASW Statistic version 18.0. Mean  ± SD will be calculated for uninterrupted variables like age, weight, tallness, BMI, waist hip ratio, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-? . Correlation of HOMA-IR and HOMA-? with BMI and waist hip ratio will be studied utilizing the Pearson correlativity coefficient.

General management assignment Essay

INTRODUCTION (kfc ) Micro environment factors which the organisation controls . eg employees product ,price ,place and promotion, it can be considered to be the local environment where business operates and owners are aware of the impacts that they are faced with. Macro environment factors are the ones which the organisation does not control and may affect the business . eg political , economic, social, legal and technological factors. the environment are always changing so the companies must always adapt. Market environtment the act outside marketing management ability to build and maintain a succefull relationship with customers ,the environment always change and both customers and marketers wonder what the future will bring MAIN BODY THE EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ORGANISATION MICRO ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL FACTORS CUSTOMERS All businesses need customers ,they should be well balanced around customers .The company`s marketing plan should aim to attract customers through products that meets their needs and wants and good customers service EMPLOYEE Employing staff with good skills and experience is essential. Employees bring an influence on your business via ongoing training and promotion opportunities ,this process begins at recruitment stage .Training and development play a critical role in achieving a competitive edge MEDIA Media can be printed ,televised or inline ,positive media can make the organisation or its product and negative media can break the organisation . an organisation needs to manage the media so that the media can help promote positive things about them and reduce negative event on their reputation. SUPPLIER Supplier provides the business with the goods they need to carry out their business activities. A suppliers behaviour will impact the business it suppliers If a supplier provides poor service this could increase timescales and product quality,and increase in raw material THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF THE ORGANISATION MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS POLITIC This deals with the government policies and procedures which is worked out through legislation and consist of all legal factors such as Governmemt view on culture and religion. Taxation policy on tax rates and incentives. Political factor cans can create advantages and opportunities for organisation. ECONOMIC KFC organisation is affected with national and global economic factors like cost of labour, interest and inflation rates ,economic growth rates business cycle rates and unemployment rates. due to recession the income of the kfc has dropped down and most of the employees were jobless and the rest employees were employees few hours also the company had to cut down their costs SOCIAL It is the cultural and demographic aspects of the external macro environment. the pontential of the employees who come from different back grounds and work together in the kfc , and customer trends and aspects which the kfc has to consider as per their needs and wants of the customer such as changes in lifestyles and change in customers needs and wants. TECHNOLOGY This is driven internationally which reduce s the minimum of production levels and some of the technological factors are recent technological developments. Communication technology has now become the most important aspect in kfc as when the customers are mostly delighted and satisfied with the service including the latest technology that is available in the Kfc.  the latest technological method that are used to serve customers faster are such as digital screens ,wireless head phone for the staff cooking utensils. LEGAL The kfc has to maintain rule and regulations related to the hygiene factors such as employee training regarding the food and safety, personal hygiene ,Clean work environment and proper use of the utensils .this also deals with the legal environment in which the company operates. ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING Strength ,Weaknesses. Opportunities and threats .Managers will have to start analyzing the internal environment by looking into ineffciencies inside the organisation and will also look outside to the external environment and things taking place independent of the organisation. environmental scans allow managers to use the knowledge gained during the scanning process to decide what strategic steps the organisation needs to take to create a competitive advantage. CONCLUTION Training and development ,managers help with day to day running of the organisation.the must be responsible in creating an energetic and valuable work environment and customer service .Ensuraing quality products and cleanliness is delivered to all customers at good speed and with a smile . QUESTION 2 2.1 READ THE CASE study one from chapter three of your prescribed textbook 2.1.1 Answer question 1to 3 from the case study 1. Do you think there is a business opportunity for a cigar bar in Mamelodi ? There is no business opportunity in Mamelodi because there are three cigar bars in opened and the target market is so young. 2. Is the window of opportunity still open for cigar bars ? Window of opportunities is not opened ,because already they have three cigar Bars which their their target market is young. 3. How must Sanyana go about exploiting this opportunity to get started ? Sanyana must go to an area that is has no cigar bars and busy market 2.2 You have been appointed as a functional manager .You are in charge of marketing department .You need to revise the current marketing strategy. Answer the following questions in light of your new appointment and job task: How can you apply planning, organising , leading and control to manage this department? Managing a department is skill that requires good planning and development and enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions and implement action. Planning is the process of determining in advance what cost regardless of whether it is a long term priorities. Selecting, Motivating, training and appraising staff. Establishing Strustures and systems through which activities are arranged. Making decisions embodying decisions in instructions an serving as the leader of the department interrelating the various parts of the work . What skills you need to use and develop in order to manage this department? People skill – people tend to work with those whom they like or find pleasant to be around ,or atleast have good personalities when dealing with clients. . Technological skill – In the world that we are living in marketing professionals must have the technological skills to take advantage of these mediums .Marketing through social networking allows the communication of media campaigns and marketing promotions in realtimeto consumers . Project management skill – Marketing must display the skill set to conduct agile project management where marketing campaigns take advantage of the micro opportunities. . Marketing Research skill – This can help determine how previous products in the market have been presented to consumers and how a new productcan best be attack the market . Is decision making essential for future planning ?explain why Decision need  to made wisely under modifying circumstances with different amount of knowledge about alternatives and consequences.  In extention the decision making is often a group process. Consequently the manager must apply principles of democratic decision making since those involved in the decision making process will feel an interest in the result of the process. You need to evaluate employees in the department. how can â€Å"control† assist you with performance appraisal Employees are going to be appraised on all areas that they are responsible for by means of scoring system on how they are doing with their present duties fair , good or very good .that appraisal can be a great tool to monitor and control performance on their duties.

An Idealized Model in Physics

An Idealized Model in Physics I once heard an acronym for the best pieces of physics advice I ever got: Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS). In physics, we are typically dealing with a system that is, in reality, very complex. For an example, lets consider one of the easiest physical systems to analyze: throwing a ball. Idealized Model of Throwing a Tennis Ball You throw a tennis ball into the air and it comes back, and you want to analyze its motion. How complex is this? The ball isnt perfectly round, for one thing; it has that weird fuzzy stuff on it. How does that affect its motion? How windy is it? Did you put a little bit of spin on the ball when you threw it? Almost certainly. All of these things can have an impact on the motion of the ball through the air. And those are the obvious ones! As it goes up, its weight actually changes slightly, based on its distance from the center of the Earth. And the Earth is rotating, so perhaps that will have some bearing on the relative motion of the ball. If the Suns out, then theres light hitting the ball, which may have energy repercussions. Both the Sun and the Moon have gravitational effects on the tennis ball, so should those be taken into account? What about Venus? We quickly see this spiraling out of control. Theres just too much going on in the world for me to figure out how all of it impacts on me throwing the tennis ball? What can we do? Use in Physics In physics, a model (or idealized model) is a simplified version of the physical system that strips away the unnecessary aspects of the situation. One thing that we dont typically worry about is the physical size of the object, nor really its structure. In the tennis ball example, we treat it as a simple point object and ignore the fuzziness. Unless its something were specifically interested in, well also ignore the fact that its spinning. Air resistance is frequently ignored, as is wind. The gravity influences of the Sun, Moon, and other heavenly bodies are ignored, as is the impact of light on the surface of the ball. Once all of these unnecessary distractions are stripped away, you can then begin focusing on the exact qualities of the situation that youre interested in examining. To analyze the motion of a tennis ball, that would typically be the displacements, velocities, and gravity forces involved. Using Care With Idealized Models The most important thing in working with an idealized model is to make sure that the things youre stripping away are things that are not necessary for your analysis. The features that are necessary will be determined by the hypothesis that youre considering.   If youre studying angular momentum, the spin of an object is essential; if youre studying 2-dimensional kinematics, it may be able to ignore it. If youre throwing a tennis ball from an airplane at high altitude, you may want to take into account wind resistance, to see if the ball hits a terminal velocity and stops accelerating. Alternately, you may want to analyze the variability of gravity in such a situation, depending on the level of precision you need. When creating an idealized model, make sure that the things youre eliminating are traits that you actually want to eliminate from your model. Carelessly ignoring an important element isnt a model; its a mistake. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Example of Argumentative Essay

Example of Argumentative Essay Example of Argumentative Essay Example of Argumentative Essay There are many topics for argumentative essay writing.   However, it is very easy to get lost in all peculiarities of academic essay writing.   As a result, many students end up copying free argumentative essays from the Internet.   What is the result?   They get an F because a teacher easily locates the source of copied essay.   Below is a good example of argumentative essay posted here with the sole purpose to assist you with writing.   Use it a source for ideas.   If you need individual help with writing argumentative essay, you should order customized essay writing service. Our argumentative essay writing services are inexpensive and you will definitely be satisfied with the quality writing. By the way, has a popular blog on writing with wealth of free samples and examples of essays on virtually any topic. Free Example of Argumentative Essay Rationalization theory is a powerful tool in putting long-range historical processes into perspective. The overriding ethos of industrial society-a cost-accounting mentality and the urge to build and control institutionshelps explain both the ethos of urban revivalism and the ethos of religious television. The ethos of both reflects the historical periods in which they developed. The ethos of revivalism and its use of appropriate means fits into an era dominated by industrial capitalism; the ethos of religious television and the notion of God's technology fits neatly into the postindustrial era, in which technology will "solve" all our social problems. As part of the business and entrepreneurial tradition, televangelists are businessmen for the Lord. They are eager to seize available opportunities to sell the gospel through mass communications. They pursue their goals of winning souls and building teleministries without hesitation, never questioning the appropriateness of using telev ision to do so. Neither are they encumbered by denominational deliberations. Rather, their concern is how to use television effectively. Schooled in pragmatism, televangelists know how to reach the individual Christian, offering hope and love to ameliorate fear and anxiety and, perhaps more importantly, offering membership into their television communities as a means of acknowledging the viewers' importance to them. In addition to the use of any appropriate means to win souls, members of the electric church value the dynamics of a free-market economy in modern life, including competition for religious beliefs. They believe that the free market will recalibrate the economic system and the religious system and, because of this strongly held mindset, they claim to oppose federal government regulation and intervention. Despite their rejection of Darwinism, they equate successful competition with worthiness and confidently compete with other religious groups and organizations. One way they compete is by reaching out to those evangelicals who are nonaffiliated or disenchanted with their congregations. Another is by competing for the same, already established audience, as illustrated by Oral Roberts fighting to maintain his top-ranked position but losing to Jimmy Swaggart, or the fortunes of Rex Humbard and James Robison waning, but those of Pat Robertson and Jim Bakker rising. Several related phenomena appear during such competition. First, the teleministries act like other institutions in similar situations. They try new program techniques. They hire new technical-professional staff. They contrive events to get their names in the papers and on television. They diversify their business activities by offering hotel facilities, special tours of their studios, schools for the children of viewers, and, in one case, a theme park. In short, they engage in the business of staying in business, and, in the process, lose their uniqueness and mystery. Argumentative Essay Writing Service Once again, I do not recommend copying the above example of argumentative essay.   If the topic cover in the example does not really suit your requirements or topic, you have an opportunity to request professional essay writing help at our site.   We are open 24/7 and we do not ignore your requests.   All students are helped. Our writing services are affordable and 100% confidential.

The Effects of Social Media in Todays Society Research Paper

The Effects of Social Media in Todays Society - Research Paper Example It has been observed that social networking sites like Facebook and Orkut leads to time wastage but its benefits cannot be completely ignored. This research paper aims to measure the positive and negative effects of social media on society. Social media is accessible to anyone who has a simple internet connection at home, office or anywhere to his or her entourage. It is reachable to people from all walks of life, from students to business professionals. Websites like MySpace and Bebo helps to connect friends and family by bringing them under a single platform. Similarly, social networking sites like eBay brings buyers and sellers to exchange commodities between them. In short, social media brings B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumers) and C2C (consumers to consumers) to interact; share information or files and trade all under a single platform (Hendricks, 2012). Social media influences our life and daily routine in great many ways depending how we utilize these networking tools. Time is of essence and this is what it helps to save. People find it much easier to go online and read articles and electronic books rather than newspapers or books that are physical in nature. In this fast moving world, people have adopted to the technological development made especially in the last decade. There has been a huge decline in book readings as people have turned to social media to meet their reading needs. Social media is changing the social habit of people. Though eBooks saves time, they cause massive exertion and fatigue (Coupland, 2012, p. 103). People find it much easier to shop online than to physically go to shops and malls to make purchases. Social media is changing the way people shop nowadays. Products can be ordered with just a single click and can be delivered right at the doorsteps. Such facilities have made life very convenient for people. However there are major drawbacks of shopping online. People

Healthcare Provider Faith and Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Healthcare Provider Faith and Diversity - Essay Example The discussion of this paper can be useful to medical practitioners in handling patient from these two religions. The connection between religious practices and provision of health care services is significant and require particular attention. The need for medical practitioners to understand different religious beliefs and traditions has received growing amount of support from various believers worldwide. Christianity and Buddhism are the perfect examples of two religions with different beliefs concerning health care provision. Whereas Christians believe in home care, use of drugs, prayers among others, Buddhists believe in a peaceful mind, use of mantras, and modesty of health practitioners among others. Knowledge of these beliefs makes medical doctors and nurses better positioned to handle patients from either religious background. According to Roman Catholics, the prime reality is that there is God who has infinite wisdom, is transcendent, omniscient, sovereign, and the creator of the earth. Due to this, Christians believe in the power of prayers in healing the sick (James 5:15, King James Version). According to them, God channels the healing energy to the individual through prayers. In the case of prayers from religious leaders, they believe that God, through the priests, heals the sick. The priests anoint and give Holy Communion to the sick in the health facilities. This act benefits the sick since they receive both spiritual and medical healing. The implication of this belief for healthcare is that the healthcare providers believe that their work is to treat patients, but God is the one who heals the sick. Additionally, Roman Catholics through the scriptures of the Bible firmly believe and are hopeful that there is life after death (Molewyk et al., 2005). The church states that death is a transition from the real world to the spiritual realm. They believe dead Christians are destined to a quiet

Geographic Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geographic Information Systems - Essay Example Natural catastrophes such as hurricanes can have devastating effects on the life and economic stability of any area hit. This has been experiencing more than once in America where lives and property have been lost and the government forced to spend so much on rescue and restoration mission. It is, therefore, a big relief that such a problem can be effectively solved through GIS and thus reduce the loss or avert the danger as a whole. As mentioned earlier, GIS is all about collection and use of date. To solve the problem of the hurricane, several sets of data are necessary. First, the system must indicate the kind of problem expected, the specific time and region of the target and the population involved (Fu & Sun, 2011). This information will help in setting up a response plan and help evacuate the area if possible before the problem hits. The information will also help in alerting the authorities in time for mitigation measures (Singhroy, 2003). Secondly, the problem will also require information on the accessibility of the area, geological structure, weather pattern and hence the possible route of the hurricane in relation to the prevailing winds (Goodchild, 1996). In all these situations, the GIS provided vital information on the location, scale and possible effects of the hurricane on the people and the structures. Using the maps, the rescuers can locate the problem and even trace a safer route to evacuate the people and reach to them during the rescue operations (Goodchild, 1996). Further, the information also notifies the authority on the crisis that can result from the hurricane if it reaches the power plants. I believe that the development of the GIS is a welcome technological input to solving both natural and manmade problems. Using the information so developed, the danger is either evaded or the destruction

The Evolution of British Tea Traditions in the 18-19th Centuries Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of British Tea Traditions in the 18-19th Centuries Essay Foreigners have many ideas about what the English like. I can say that a nation is born from its land, its history, its art, its institutions and its traditions. Britain is famous for its immutable traditions. The traditional love of English people for tea is well known by all over the world. The English have always drunk tea as a nation. And I understand their love for tea: it’s good any time of day, it’s very refreshing, and it can restore you, when you are tired. But it’ll be better to notice, that time is changing everything. It’s changing the style of our life. It’s becoming faster and faster every year. Different life – different traditions! Certainly tea-drinking, as a part of the English tradition, changed. Nowadays, unlike food, tea could be offered to anyone at any time without inconvenience and without breaking any of the rules of decorum. Its service provided a focal point for social activities, enabling people of differing rank to meet and converse, and helping to spread the polite values of refinement, gentility and sociability. More than two centuries ago, in early eighteenth century Britain tea was usually prepared by the lady of the house in front of her guests. It was habitually taken in the mid-afternoon, after dinner, but as the century progressed, it was also more often drunk at breakfast. According to Likhachev D.S., who worked on the analysis of the Nature of cultural traditions, Each generation, in its activities, makes the choice of existing traditions (taking some tradition or aspects of them and at the same time rejecting others), and gives them their own interpretation. And so, most likely, the tea-drinking tradition was changed by the generations, the slaves of time in manifest error of what a real tradition is.

Media Comparison Research :: Compare Contrast Research Papers

Media Comparison Research There have been considerable debate on research of media comparison as it relates to education over the past few years. According to Richard Clark, there has been a "paradigm shift" that occurred in instructional media research during the past decade from a behavioral to a more cognitive approach. (Anglin 348). Clark felt that there was "consistent evidence found that there are no learning benefits to be gained from employing any specific medium to deliver instruction. Research showing performance on time saving gains from one or another medium is shown to be vulnerable to compelling rival hypothesis concerning the uncontrolled effects of instructional method and novelty. (Clark 445) Media Defined: Media refers to a class of instructional resources and representing all aspects of the mediation of instruction through the agency of reproducible events. It includes the materials themselves, the instruments used to deliver the materials to learners and the techniques or methods employed. (Allen 1) Media can be defined by its technology, symbol systems and processing capabilities. The most obvious characteristics of a medium are its technology: the mechanical and electronic aspects that determine its function and, to some extent, its shape and other physical features. (Kozma 180) Basics of Media Research There are three major objectives of media research: (1) obtain knowledge about the educational or instructional effectiveness of a chosen medium; (2) increase understanding of how media and technology function and what psychological effects they have on a learner; (3) improve the practice of education through the provision and evaluation of better materials, media, procedures and technologies (Salomon, Clark 1-2). Schramm, as cited by Salomon, stated that while all media can teach very effectively, "learning seem to be affected more by what is delivered than by the delivery system." (Schramm, 1977) (Salomon 1). This has become the basis of disagreement among experts. Discussion Clark’s article argued that most current summaries and meta-analyses of media comparison studies clearly suggest that media do not influence learning under any conditions. In El Salvador (Schramm, 1977), it was not the medium that caused a change in achievement, but rather a curricular reform that accompanied the change. The best current evidence is that media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers our groceries causes changes in our nutrition.

Leadership Challenges Of Today Essay

The role of leaders today has become increasingly easier and yet more challenging at the same time.   With the level of technology that is available today as opposed to what was previously available, a leader is able to communicate much faster with the other members of the team and coordinate the work within large teams more effectively and efficiently (Bennis, 2001).    With the advances in communication technologies and all the new gadgets designed to ease to work load and make people function for efficiently, there are more and more demands of a leader today.   Factor in the fact that there are an increasing number of multi-cultural working environments today and it becomes apparent just how much more different the leadership scene is today from previous years (Bennis, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the main challenges of a leader today that has been brought about by the development of technology is that a leader is now expected to do more.   A leader is always expected to make the most of whatever resources are available (Covey, 1999).   In previous years, the constraints of communication problems made the expectation much lower than it is today.   With the relative ease in communication and the devices that are currently available, more output is expected from a leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another challenge which was not present in the leadership scene in previous years is the existence of a growing number of multi-cultural teams in the work place.   The diverse environments in the work place today demand that a leader be able to cope with the different cultural background and communication skills of his team members (Bennis, 2001).   This creates a more challenging working environment as leaders must try to adjust to the needs of working in a multi-cultural environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, with the level of competition brought about by globalization, it is becoming increasingly difficult for leaders to cultivate a company culture that promotes job satisfaction and reduces the turnover rate of employees.   The relative ease of finding other jobs in other companies and markets and the level of competition demands that a leader must be able to play a critical role in keeping the team members happy as well as ensuring a certain level of productivity to remain competitive (Covey, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While it may be argued that these leadership challenges were already present in the workplace before, it must be pointed out that these challenges only existed to a minimal extent and were not a major factor until now.   It is expected that as the world markets expand and the level of competition increases, the role of a leader today will only become more challenging and stressful. References: Bennis, W., Spreitzer, G. and Cummings, T. (2001) The Future of Leadership: Today’s Top Leadership Thinkers Speak to Tomorrow’s Leaders Jossey-Bass Publishing Company Covey, S. (1999) Principle-centered Leadership Simon & Schuster Ltd

Animal Farm Equality

The novel being discussed is called â€Å"Animal Farm† by George Orwell. He is an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is well known around the world for his, awareness of Social Injustice, opposition to Totalitarianism, and his commitment to Democratic Socialism. The book â€Å"Animal Farm† reflects the events that occur in real life, which leads up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. This novel is about animals throwing over the humans and ruling themselves. Napoleon and Boxer are good examples of a Leader and Follower.Napoleon is a manipulative and power Hungry leader who takes away the animal’s rights while his follower Boxer is hard working and a true believer of his leader but at the end his precious life is lost from overworking. The leader chosen to be discussed is Napoleon and according to the novel Napoleon is doing a good job but his manipulative ways is destroying the equality in the Animal Farm. He raised Jesse and Bluebells pup pies into vicious attack dogs which will help him keep power over the other animals in the farm.An example of destroying the equality in the farm is when he trades with the humans when it clearly said in the commandments that no animal shall ever trade with any human. Furthermore, according to Orwell another Commandment said that â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal† (Page 17), but Napoleon changed that to â€Å"No animal shall kill another animal without any cause. † These changes that he makes to the Commandments clearly prove that Napoleon is taking the animals equality rights away. The follower chosen to be discussed is Boxer and according to the novel Boxer is the animal that works the hardest in the farm.His motto is â€Å"I will work harder,† and he is the animal that contributes the most to all the success of the farm. He does never for even a second realize that he is being deprived of his equality by Napoleon because he always believes that Napole on is their leader and that he will never be wrong. Towards the end of the novel his lungs give in from working too hard and all the other animals watch helplessly as he is sent to his death. Boxer never realizes that his freedom is being taken away and his beliefs influence everyone else that Boxer is right and they never realize the truth.In conclusion, the power greedy leader Napoleon still rules the Animal farm with more revised commandments which take away the animal’s freedom and equality rights. According to the novel Boxer’s innocent soul is up in heaven and the Animal Farm is actually in even worse condition than it was when Mr. Jones was their master. Napoleon and his so called commanders gained so much power over the working animals that they started to misuse it and the cause to overthrow the humans and rule themselves really is for nothing because there is one leader who ruled over everyone and took their freedom from them.

AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup The WritePass Journal

The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup Abstract The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family care givers in a Home Setup ) Zimbabwe, in particular, has been worst hit by the HIV epidemic with more than 27% of the adult population diagnosed with HIV in 1997. Currently though, the prevalence rates have reduced significantly to 14% of the adult population (National AIDS Council, 2012). However, this decline is largely attributed to the significant number of deaths of people with HIV. Persistent political turmoil and the resultant economic decline have further contributed to the literal collapse of the Zimbabwean health care system. The failure of the Public health care system has cast the major burden of health care provision to private agencies, NGOs and Home based care has become the indispensible and only feasible model under the prevailing circumstances. Statistics suggest that of the 35,000 children in the country that needed ‘Antiretroviral Therapy’ (ART) only 17,000 have had access to the drugs (UNICEF, 2009). Though the availability of ART has vastly improved from just 15% in 2007 to around 80% by 2010, (National AIDS Council, 2011) there is still a huge unmet demand. Zimbabwean government’s opposing attitude towards NGOs and its accusations about the NGO funds being used for anti governmental activities has further limited the already strained financial aid flowing into the country for AIDS care.   Amidst these tiring circumstances, family based care giving has become the central strategy for the national HIV/AIDS management programs.   This paper attempts to study the impact of HIV/AIDS care delivered in the family based setting and how such care provision affects the care giver.   In particular, this paper strives to highlight the issues such as the psychosocial impact on caregivers and using the caregiver’s views assesses their coping and support mechanisms. Home Based Care A brief outlook into what constitutes home based care is appropriate before we proceed further. The World Health Organization defines home based care as â€Å" a programme that through regular visits, offers health care services to support the care process in the home environment of the person with HIV infection. Home visits may be the only service provided or be part of an integrated programme which offers the patient and his/her family services in the home, hospital and community†. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare,(2004). From the definition it is clear that home based care is considered a holistic care solution that addresses the needs of both the care receiver as well as the care giver. This understanding is crucial for the successful implementation of the home based care delivery model. Literature Review Family based care provision is proving to be the important model in the delivery of care to chronic illnesses such as AIDS. Particularly in Zimbabwe, where decades of political and economic turmoil have weakened the health care system, the role of family based care provision could not be more emphasized. The political friction between the West and the Mugabe government, and the accusations about the political motives of the NGO operations in the country, led to a sharp decline in the active healthcare interventions in the country.   NGO funding to Zimbabwe for its healthcare programmes reached a record low in 2006. During this year, the average aid money for HIV care per person in Zimbabwe was limited to $ 4 which when compared to the average aid money allotted per person in Zambia ($184) is a meager amount (Matimba, 2010). However, since 2008, the aid to Zimbabwe is again on the rise with the USAID and DFID being the two key contributors. The USAID contributed 26.4 million in 2008 while the DFID pledged in 2010 to contribute $40 million over a five year period. Despite this the total aid money that Zimbabwe received for its HIV healthcare operations during this period is just one tenth of the aid money received by neighboring Zambia and one fourth that of the aid amount received by Namibia in the corresponding periods (AVERT, 2012). These statistics project the grim scenario from the financial standpoint in delivering HIV care in Zimbabwe where HIV has assumed endemic proportions. HIV being a chronic condition, patients have to undergo continuous care for a protracted period of time and the hospital setting cannot handle the enormous demand. Statistics suggest that in Zimbabwe roughly 70% of all hospital admissions are connected to HIV care.   Statistics also suggest that even a 5% increase in the number of HIV patients would result in a 25% increased demand for hospital beds. The figures indicate that hospitals, as care provision centers, for a country such as Zimbabwe where there is a swelling HIV population, is a highly unviable model and therefore community and home based care provision assume great significance.   The policy stance of the Zimbabwean government to promote home based care provision could be understood based on these ground realities. The Zimbabwean government has been actively promoting care giver training by employing community nurses as trainers for these family care givers. With funding limitations, even the training and support prov ided by the community nurses to the family care givers has been affected making them vulnerable to the enormous pressure of managing the care provision all by themselves (Matimba, 2010). National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004)   The enormity of the HIV problem and the limited nature of the government health care resources forced the home care system of care delivery in Zimbabwe. However, the quality of life of the HIV infected patient depends a lot on quality of the home care givers. In most cases these home based care providers have absolutely no training at all and even lack the knowledge to protect themselves from accidental exposure to HIV infection. To improve the quality of home based care delivery, support services must also be improved. With this in view the government of Zimbabwe set up the ‘National Community Home-Based Care Standards’ in 2004 that included the following important features Care and Support for patients and Family Team Service Provision Governance and Management Training , information and Education Monitoring and evaluation The main objective of establishing the standards for home based care delivery is to change home care from being perceived as a third rate care provision by improving its overall quality. It should be noted that Home care is not just about the patients but also about the care giver. The national standards for Home care therefore lay this stress on providing holistic care support through an established standard. The process involves training, education, monitoring and continuous evaluation.   The National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004)  neatly defines its purpose as â€Å"Provision of a support system through the development of strong partnerships with the community, family and patient, home-based caregivers, and the health system, thus assuring patients an acceptable quality of life until death†. (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2004). The definition also considers the aspects of support provided for the carer and other family members including   † emotional, spiritual and other psychosocial support, bereavement counseling, and other appropriate assistance that meets their special needs† (Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, 2004).   Psychosocial Impact of Caregiving Literature is abound with studies that analyze the impact of care giving for a HIV patient, on the care-giver. Almost all of these studies indicate that care giving results in enormous psycho social impact on the provider. Typically, the family care giver maybe overcome with emotions ranging from , depression, anxiety, fear, anger , helplessness along with the overwhelming financial burden that is involved with HIV care provision. Lindsey et al., (2003) explored the effects of care giving on older and younger women in Botswana who were caring for family members with chronic HIV. The authors of the study identified that older women, in particular, were overwhelmed with the physical and mental demands of care giving. These women had to manage demanding tasks such as caring for the patient with frequent episodes of vomiting, incontinence and confusion. Care giving family women had to do all this along with their household chores and this creates enormous physical hardships not to mentio n the emotional drain. Furthermore, in many cases, care providing women are subjected to economic strains when the productive member of their family is affected by HIV (Lindsey et al., 2003). Another study by Ssengonzi (2007) explored the impact of care giving on Ugandan older women. The results of this study also chimed in with the findings of the previous study with the elderly Ugandan women reporting that care giving left them financially affected due to three main reasons The ill relatives and the consequent loss of family income the negative effect of care giving on the employment opportunities of the care provider Expenses incurred on procuring medicine for the patient under their care The care giving women also expressed social isolation as a result of their inability to participate in the usual social activities (Ssengonzi,2007). One study by Thomas F (2006) that assessed the impact of home based care giving for HIV patients in Namibia again reported that financial constraints due to care giving is a serious problem. This study collected information from both the patient as well as the care giver in the form of solicited diaries. The study found that the inability to provide for family created severe emotional strain for the care giver.   Significantly, the study also reported that the quality of care provision is affected over time when the worsening financial situation in the household coupled with the lack of recovery of the patient lead to escalating tensions and emotional upheavals in the house (Thomas F (2006). One urban study conducted in Kinshasa, the capital of the republic of Congo, involved self reported health and emotional status of 80 spouses and caregivers of HIV infected men in the region. What surprised the researchers was that despite this being an urban study with better hospitals and home care support networks, around 94% of the women caregivers expressed that care-giving was very difficult for them and 99% reported that it affected their social lives. Importantly, 90% of these women care givers stated that they were stigmatized by friends and their husband’s employers. This study clearly highlights that the stigma of AIDS care could further contribute to the emotional strain of HIV care.   As a revealing study on the psychosocial impact of care giving, this research found that 48% of these care providing women were so unhappy with their circumstances that they lost interest in their life and expressed the lack of interest and energy to continue. Furthermore, 94% of t hese women had some form of physical ailment including frequent headaches, fatigue, body pain, lack of appetite, anorexia, etc (Kipp et al., 2006). Studies done elsewhere in the developed countries also reflect similar feelings from the care givers. For instance one earlier study by Flaskerud Tabora (1998) based on low income female care givers in California who provided care for heterosexual and homosexual HIV patients attested to the findings from the African studies. These women expressed the same concerns as the previously listed studies including depression due to poor functional outcome of the patient, loneliness due to uncooperative and unsupportive friends and relatives, etc. Around 59% of the care giving women also reported that their physical health was affected considerably due to the prolonged period of care giving. Worn out by their care-giving duties these women were moody and even expressed their anger at the patients as their irresponsible behavior put them in this place. Last but not the least, the women subjects of this study welcomed being interviewed for the study as it provided an emotional vent for them to lay out their feelings which they could not so far share with anyone due to the absence of an appropriate support network. (Flaskerud Tabora, 1998). One recent South African study by Hlabyago et al. (2009) focused on one of the important problems faced by care givers of terminally ill HIV/AIDS patients. This problem is the caring for the orphaned children of the parents who succumbed to HIV. As per 2010 data, more than a third of the 50 million or more orphaned children in Sub Saharan Africa lost either one or both their parents to HIV.   Given the huge scale of the problem, this study by Hlabyago assumes great significance in terms of policy formulations and also with respect to assessing the impact on family caregivers. The researchers of this study employed one on one interview technique which sought answers to the following important question from the care givers – â€Å"Would you please tell me your experiences as a family caregiver concerning your care of the orphans?† (Hlabyago et al., 2009). The Interviews were conducted for nine subjects who were home caregivers recruited from the Hoekfontein Clinic in So uth Africa. The demographic details of the subjects were noted down.   Six out of the 9 (63%) care givers were grand mothers, 2 of them were aunties and one of them sister to the orphaned children. Thematic analysis of the data resulted in the observations that are listed in the following table. As could be inferred from the above results table, financial constrain is a major problem for care givers affecting 77% (7 out of 9) of the study subjects.   However, one concern that is uniformly expressed by all the care givers involved in the study was that of the existence of Bureaucratic difficulties and the lack of social support services. Though the government has programs to support orphans in the form of orphan grants, accessibility problems and processing delays and the lack of proactive approach within the social works departments hinder the outreach of such programs to the people. For instance, one of the caregiver, who was the grand mother of the orphaned child, expressed her helplessness stating, â€Å"I got the heart to help this child by applying for this orphan grant. I am still waiting for the money because it is not yet released. I sent the documents a long time ago. The social worker has since told me that they will send someone at home and I am still waiting. I wish that money can come so that I can save some for him (the orphan) because I am old – anytime I can die, you see†. (Hlabyago et al., 2009). The study also revealed that lack of support from family members is a pressing issue. One of the care giver subjects who were interviewed for the study reported that she received little support from her husband in taking care of the orphaned Children. â€Å"The day Johanna died he came and found me struggling with her, he came into the room and walked out, and when he came back again the child was already dead† (Hlabyago et al., 2009). Some of the care givers expressed concern about the rebellious attitude of the orphaned kids while some of them expressed concerns about the growing family conflicts due to the care giving. â€Å"I decided to take him in and care for him. I think that she (the orphan’s biological grandmother) is thinking that because I am receiving this child’s orphan grant, she is not sending anything for this child who is basically her responsibility† (Hlabyago et al., 2009).   The literature reviewed so far clearly highlighted that care giving for HIV patients could be a stressful event and debilitate the care giver in the absence of suitable support mechanisms. Methodology The following sections will revolve around a questionnaire based primary study in which 15 subjects who were care providers for HIV patients in Zimbabwe were provided with 6 questions with various choices and their answers analyzed for themes.   The choice of questionnaire was due to its informal nature and usefulness in gaining valuable data. The use of open ended questions helps in ascertaining more information from the subject whenever appropriate.   Though initially I had sent my questionnaires to 15 recipients only 10 of them returned the completed information. All the 10 subjects were properly apprised of the nature of the study. Though the respondents knew that the study was purely for academic purposes they were delighted in providing the valuable information for the study. All the subjects were assured of the confidentiality of their responses and that their responses would be used purely for academic knowledge improvement purposes. Thematic analysis was employed to disc ern useful themes and patterns about the various aspects of caregiving. Results The data from the questionnaires answered by the 10 subjects who participated in the study were analyzed to identify the emergent themes. In all, six questions with varied responses to each question were provided to the subjects. These questions were particularly relevant to understanding the wide impact that care giving has on the home based care providers. The results revealed some of the important psychosocial aspects of caregiving. The repetitive themes that were identified from the data attested to the key findings reported in the literature review early in this paper. These common themes suggest the need for urgent action. Care giving challenges The data from the questionnaires revealed some demographic profile about the subjects. Most of the carergivers in the study were relatives of the HIV Patient and on an average care provision period lasted between 2 and 3 years. 80% of the caregivers were elderly females. Economic difficulties dominated the challenges that were reported by the caregivers with almost 90% of the subjects reporting financial constrains as a serious issue involved in prolonged caregiving for the HIV patient.   As discussed earlier in the paper this may stem from loss of income if the patient was a productive member of the family. Caregivers are also constrained by the fact that they could not be gainfully employed when they are tied down with caring for the patient. One other important aspect pertaining to caregiving at home was the lack of adequate transport services. 80% of the caregivers opined that they find transporting the patient to the hospital during times of emergency a huge problem as the Ambulance services are not prompt. Subjects also complained that the ambulance services charge them for the fuel costs.  Ã‚   Most of the subjects stated that they took the responsibility of caregiving out of love and compassion to the patients. When asked about the support services that could have helped them a lot with their care giving almost all the subjects mentioned transportation as an important feature. 30% of the subjects felt that providing food care for the patients and opportunities for part time employment for themselves would have been greatly helpful.   40% of the caregivers also expressed their concern that the scarcity of water in rural Zimbabwe added more problems to them as they could not walk several kilometers to fetch water leaving their sick patients at home. This is a very relevant issue as Zimbabwe is one of the African countries that is hard hit by water crisis, and more often than not, functional borewells that are the only nearby sources of water would be several kilometers away. There were also concerns about the medication supply with 40% of the caregivers complaining about shortage and availability of ‘Anti retroviral Drugs’ at the local dispensary. The continuous availability of ART is critical for HIV patients in order to prolong their life. It was also interesting and informative to note down that 7 out of the 10 subjects felt that this small questionnaire project, though it was done for educational purposes, provided them with an opportunity to discuss the problems involved in care giving.   The seven care providers felt that the questionnaire provided them an emotional purge as they hsd not had a chance to discuss their difficulties with anyone else. They all felt that there was a complete lack of support mechanisms available for carers and that this made them feel helpless and emotionally dissipated time to time.   Conclusion Caregivers undergo enormous stress during the protracted period of care giving that is involved in managing a chronic HIV patient. Just as care givers provide so much of love, effort and care to the patients they look after, their needs should also be looked after. The psychological, spiritual and financial support that caregivers require are however largely unfulfilled. Especially when there is political and economical turmoil in a country, such as that seen in Zimbabwe, the needs of the home based care provider is more likely to be ignored. As the numerous studies that were discussed in the paper reported care givers are mostly women and predominantly elderly women. Reeling under enormous financial strain, compounded by the lack of support network, African women are forced to singlehandedly manage care delivery for the HIV patient and are stretched to breaking points. Stigmatization and social isolation that arise out of HIV care giving make them even more isolated and overwhelmed. The present study based on the information gathered from caregivers in Zimbabwe clearly highlights the plight of the caregivers. It is very clear that financial woes are among the most important to the caregiver, followed by the lack of support services. Zimbabwean government is unstable and social welfare programs are hardly functioning. Even for those support services that are maintained and run by the Government, bureaucratic difficulties have made them inaccessible and out of reach of the poor caregiver. Counseling support services for caregivers are distinctly lacking. Based on the opinion gathered from the study and other relevant literature, it is clear that holistic care as advocated in the National Community Home-Based Care Standards (2004) is still far from reality.   There is clear indication that support networks do not exist or are inaccessible. Based on these findings this paper concludes that family based care givers are struggling without access to support services. A collaborative action involving government, NGOs and other health agencies is required to correct the defects. Home based carers should be trained, supported and counseled, and policy level initiative must be practically implemented. Only then could the quality of life for the patients as well as for the carers improve. 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